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Bell's Palsy (idiopathic facial nerve neuropathy)

https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
Bell's Palsy (idiopathic facial nerve neuropathy)
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Abstract About the authors References

Abstract

Introduction. One of the most common forms among facial nerve neuropathies is Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial neuropathy). The pathological process has an acute onset, more often the symptoms of the lesion develop on one side with a tendency of progression within 48-72 hours. Data on risk factors, pathogenetic mechanism of Bell's palsy development, drug therapy and methods of surgical treatment are presented. Basic therapy with a short course of valacyclovir or acyclovir and a stepwise reduction in the optimal dose of prednisolone, initiated within three days of symptom onset, increases the chances of complete recovery. Purpose of this review. Аims to provide comprehensive information on Bell's palsy, focusing on anatomy, aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis, clinical implications and preferred approaches to therapy. Materials and methods. The materials of the Web of Science Core Collection database (Science Citation Index Explanded and Social Sciences Citation Index) were used in this work, as they cover the most important sources in sufficient quantity to obtain objective information. A comprehensive search of the databases was conducted, limited to 2002-2021 and including only original articles and reviews.Results and Conclusions. Having analysed the literature data for 20 years, it was concluded that the majority of authors adhere to the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy development associated with compression of the facial nerve in the phalopian canal as a result of inflammatory oedema. The diagnosis of idiopathic facial neuropathy is made by exclusion and requires careful history taking and a thorough clinical examination. If provided by history or risk factors, the patient should be investigated for Lyme disease, diabetes mellitus and other conditions. Incomplete eyelid closure followed by dry eye, dysphagia and slurred speech are common short-term complications. Contractures and weakness of mimic muscles and hemispasm are not uncommon long-term complications. Although most patients recover spontaneously, treatment with a short course of valacyclovir or acyclovir and a stepwise reduction in the optimal dose of prednisolone, started within three days of symptom onset, is thought to increase the chances of complete recovery.

About the authors

Абитова Гульнара Касымовна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры неврологии и клинической генетики Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им.И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика

Муканбетова Гулзат Догтурбаевна, ассистент кафедры неврологии и клинической генетики Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им.И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Кадырова Зарема Анитовна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры неврологии и клинической генетики Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им.И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика

Abitova Gulnara Kasymovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Neurology and Clinical Genetics of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaeva, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
Mukanbetova Gulzat Dogturbaevna, assistant at the Department of Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaeva, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
Kadyrova Zarema Anitovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Neurology and Clinical Genetics of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaeva, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

Абитова Гульнара Касымовна, медицина илимдеринин кандидаты, И.К. Ахунбаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык академиясынын неврология жана клиникалык генетика кафедрасынын доценти, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Муканбетова Гүлзат Догтурбаевна, И.К. Ахунбаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык академиясынын неврология жана клиникалык генетика кафедрасынын ассистенти, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Кадырова Зарема Анитовна, медицина илимдеринин кандидаты, И.К. Ахунбаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык академиясынын неврология жана клиникалык генетика кафедрасынын доценти, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы

References

1. Скоромец А. А. Нервные болезни: учебное пособие / А.А.Скоромец, А.П.Скоромец, Т.А.Скоромец. – М.: МЕД
пресс-информ, 2013 г. – с.284-286
2. Элькелес Р. Ошибочный диагноз острого инсульта при параличе Белла // Clin Med (Лондон), 2020 Янв; 20 (1):
120.
3. Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell's palsy. Am J Otol.1982 Oct. 4(2):107-11.
4. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencepha
lic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug12;61(3):327-33.
5. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015
Jun; 204(6):W612-9.
6. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy:the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;122:4–30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736
7. De Diego JI, Prim MP, Madero R, et al. Seasonal patterns of idiopathic facial paralysis: a 16-year study. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 1999;120:269–71. doi:10.1016/S01945998(99) 704183
8. Sajadi MM, Sajadi MRM, Tabatabaie SM. The history of facial palsy and spasm:HippocratestoRazi. Neurology 2011;
77:1748. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23
9. Koyuncu O.O., Perlman D.H., EnquistL.W., Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons requi
res local protein synthesis in axons.Cell Host Microbe 2013;13:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.021
10. Persson AK, Kim I, Zhao P, et al. Sodium channels contribute to degeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurites inducedby mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of axonalinjury. J Neurosci 2013;33:19250–61.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2148-13.2013
11. Croxson GR. The assessment of facial nerve dysfunction. J Otolaryng Soc Austral 1990;4:252–63.
12. Hohman MH., Hadlock TA. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center.Laryngoscope 2014;124:E283–93. doi:10.1002/lary.24542
13. House JW, Brackmann DE, Facial nerve grading system.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;2:146–7.
14. Campbell KE, Brundage JF. Effects of climate, latitude, and season on the incidence of Bell's palsy in the US Armed Forces, October 1997 to September 1999. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:32–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf009
15. Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1598–607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072006

1. Скоромец А. А. Нервные болезни: учебное пособие / А.А.Скоромец, А.П.Скоромец, Т.А.Скоромец. – М.: МЕД
пресс-информ, 2013 г. – с.284-286
2. Элькелес Р. Ошибочный диагноз острого инсульта при параличе Белла // Clin Med (Лондон), 2020 Янв; 20 (1):
120.
3. Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell's palsy. Am J Otol.1982 Oct. 4(2):107-11.
4. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencepha
lic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug12;61(3):327-33.
5. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015
Jun; 204(6):W612-9.
6. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy:the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;122:4–30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736
7. De Diego JI, Prim MP, Madero R, et al. Seasonal patterns of idiopathic facial paralysis: a 16-year study. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 1999;120:269–71. doi:10.1016/S01945998(99) 704183
8. Sajadi MM, Sajadi MRM, Tabatabaie SM. The history of facial palsy and spasm:HippocratestoRazi. Neurology 2011;
77:1748. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23
9. Koyuncu O.O., Perlman D.H., EnquistL.W., Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons requi
res local protein synthesis in axons.Cell Host Microbe 2013;13:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.021
10. Persson AK, Kim I, Zhao P, et al. Sodium channels contribute to degeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurites inducedby mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of axonalinjury. J Neurosci 2013;33:19250–61.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2148-13.2013
11. Croxson GR. The assessment of facial nerve dysfunction. J Otolaryng Soc Austral 1990;4:252–63.
12. Hohman MH., Hadlock TA. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center.Laryngoscope 2014;124:E283–93. doi:10.1002/lary.24542
13. House JW, Brackmann DE, Facial nerve grading system.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;2:146–7.
14. Campbell KE, Brundage JF. Effects of climate, latitude, and season on the incidence of Bell's palsy in the US Armed Forces, October 1997 to September 1999. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:32–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf009
15. Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1598–607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072006

1. Скоромец А. А. Нервные болезни: учебное пособие / А.А.Скоромец, А.П.Скоромец, Т.А.Скоромец. – М.: МЕД
пресс-информ, 2013 г. – с.284-286
2. Элькелес Р. Ошибочный диагноз острого инсульта при параличе Белла // Clin Med (Лондон), 2020 Янв; 20 (1):
120.
3. Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell's palsy. Am J Otol.1982 Oct. 4(2):107-11.
4. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencepha
lic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug12;61(3):327-33.
5. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015
Jun; 204(6):W612-9.
6. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy:the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;122:4–30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736
7. De Diego JI, Prim MP, Madero R, et al. Seasonal patterns of idiopathic facial paralysis: a 16-year study. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 1999;120:269–71. doi:10.1016/S01945998(99) 704183
8. Sajadi MM, Sajadi MRM, Tabatabaie SM. The history of facial palsy and spasm:HippocratestoRazi. Neurology 2011;
77:1748. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23
9. Koyuncu O.O., Perlman D.H., EnquistL.W., Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons requi
res local protein synthesis in axons.Cell Host Microbe 2013;13:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.021
10. Persson AK, Kim I, Zhao P, et al. Sodium channels contribute to degeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurites inducedby mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of axonalinjury. J Neurosci 2013;33:19250–61.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2148-13.2013
11. Croxson GR. The assessment of facial nerve dysfunction. J Otolaryng Soc Austral 1990;4:252–63.
12. Hohman MH., Hadlock TA. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center.Laryngoscope 2014;124:E283–93. doi:10.1002/lary.24542
13. House JW, Brackmann DE, Facial nerve grading system.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;2:146–7.
14. Campbell KE, Brundage JF. Effects of climate, latitude, and season on the incidence of Bell's palsy in the US Armed Forces, October 1997 to September 1999. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:32–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf009
15. Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1598–607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072006

Keywords
Anatomy of the facial nerve , Bell's palsy , Electromyography , Acyclovir , Corticosteroids
Для цитирования

Абитова Г.К., Муканбетова Г.Д., Кадырова З.А. Паралич Белла (идиопатическая нейропатия лицевого нерва). Научно-практический журнал «Здравоохранение Кыргызстана» 2024, № 2, с.140-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
For citation

Abitova G.K., Mukanbetova G.D., Kadyrova Z.A. Bell's Palsy (idiopathic facial nerve neuropathy). Scientific and
practical journal “Health care of Kyrgyzstan” 2024, No.2, p.140-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
Цитата үчүн

Абитова Г.К., Муканбетова Г.Д., Кадырова З.А. Беллдин шал оорусу (Идиопатиялык бет нервинин нейропатиясы). "Кыргызстандын саламаттык сактоо" илимий-практикалык журналы 2024, № 2, б. 140-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
Authors Abitova G.K., MukanbetovaG.D.-, Kadyrova Z.A.
Link doi.org https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
Pages 140-147
Keywords Anatomy of the facial nerve, Bell's palsy, Electromyography, Acyclovir, Corticosteroids
Russian
Об авторах

Абитова Гульнара Касымовна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры неврологии и клинической генетики Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им.И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика

Муканбетова Гулзат Догтурбаевна, ассистент кафедры неврологии и клинической генетики Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им.И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Кадырова Зарема Анитовна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры неврологии и клинической генетики Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им.И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Полный текст

PDF (RUS)
Список литературы

1. Скоромец А. А. Нервные болезни: учебное пособие / А.А.Скоромец, А.П.Скоромец, Т.А.Скоромец. – М.: МЕД
пресс-информ, 2013 г. – с.284-286
2. Элькелес Р. Ошибочный диагноз острого инсульта при параличе Белла // Clin Med (Лондон), 2020 Янв; 20 (1):
120.
3. Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell's palsy. Am J Otol.1982 Oct. 4(2):107-11.
4. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencepha
lic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug12;61(3):327-33.
5. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015
Jun; 204(6):W612-9.
6. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy:the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;122:4–30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736
7. De Diego JI, Prim MP, Madero R, et al. Seasonal patterns of idiopathic facial paralysis: a 16-year study. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 1999;120:269–71. doi:10.1016/S01945998(99) 704183
8. Sajadi MM, Sajadi MRM, Tabatabaie SM. The history of facial palsy and spasm:HippocratestoRazi. Neurology 2011;
77:1748. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23
9. Koyuncu O.O., Perlman D.H., EnquistL.W., Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons requi
res local protein synthesis in axons.Cell Host Microbe 2013;13:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.021
10. Persson AK, Kim I, Zhao P, et al. Sodium channels contribute to degeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurites inducedby mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of axonalinjury. J Neurosci 2013;33:19250–61.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2148-13.2013
11. Croxson GR. The assessment of facial nerve dysfunction. J Otolaryng Soc Austral 1990;4:252–63.
12. Hohman MH., Hadlock TA. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center.Laryngoscope 2014;124:E283–93. doi:10.1002/lary.24542
13. House JW, Brackmann DE, Facial nerve grading system.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;2:146–7.
14. Campbell KE, Brundage JF. Effects of climate, latitude, and season on the incidence of Bell's palsy in the US Armed Forces, October 1997 to September 1999. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:32–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf009
15. Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1598–607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072006
Для цитирования

Абитова Г.К., Муканбетова Г.Д., Кадырова З.А. Паралич Белла (идиопатическая нейропатия лицевого нерва). Научно-практический журнал «Здравоохранение Кыргызстана» 2024, № 2, с.140-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
English
About authors

Abitova Gulnara Kasymovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Neurology and Clinical Genetics of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaeva, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
Mukanbetova Gulzat Dogturbaevna, assistant at the Department of Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaeva, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
Kadyrova Zarema Anitovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Neurology and Clinical Genetics of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaeva, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
References

1. Скоромец А. А. Нервные болезни: учебное пособие / А.А.Скоромец, А.П.Скоромец, Т.А.Скоромец. – М.: МЕД
пресс-информ, 2013 г. – с.284-286
2. Элькелес Р. Ошибочный диагноз острого инсульта при параличе Белла // Clin Med (Лондон), 2020 Янв; 20 (1):
120.
3. Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell's palsy. Am J Otol.1982 Oct. 4(2):107-11.
4. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencepha
lic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug12;61(3):327-33.
5. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015
Jun; 204(6):W612-9.
6. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy:the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;122:4–30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736
7. De Diego JI, Prim MP, Madero R, et al. Seasonal patterns of idiopathic facial paralysis: a 16-year study. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 1999;120:269–71. doi:10.1016/S01945998(99) 704183
8. Sajadi MM, Sajadi MRM, Tabatabaie SM. The history of facial palsy and spasm:HippocratestoRazi. Neurology 2011;
77:1748. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d23
9. Koyuncu O.O., Perlman D.H., EnquistL.W., Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons requi
res local protein synthesis in axons.Cell Host Microbe 2013;13:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.021
10. Persson AK, Kim I, Zhao P, et al. Sodium channels contribute to degeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurites inducedby mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of axonalinjury. J Neurosci 2013;33:19250–61.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2148-13.2013
11. Croxson GR. The assessment of facial nerve dysfunction. J Otolaryng Soc Austral 1990;4:252–63.
12. Hohman MH., Hadlock TA. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center.Laryngoscope 2014;124:E283–93. doi:10.1002/lary.24542
13. House JW, Brackmann DE, Facial nerve grading system.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;2:146–7.
14. Campbell KE, Brundage JF. Effects of climate, latitude, and season on the incidence of Bell's palsy in the US Armed Forces, October 1997 to September 1999. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:32–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf009
15. Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1598–607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072006
For citation

Abitova G.K., Mukanbetova G.D., Kadyrova Z.A. Bell's Palsy (idiopathic facial nerve neuropathy). Scientific and
practical journal “Health care of Kyrgyzstan” 2024, No.2, p.140-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
Kyrgyz
Авторлор жөнүндө

Абитова Гульнара Касымовна, медицина илимдеринин кандидаты, И.К. Ахунбаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык академиясынын неврология жана клиникалык генетика кафедрасынын доценти, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Муканбетова Гүлзат Догтурбаевна, И.К. Ахунбаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык академиясынын неврология жана клиникалык генетика кафедрасынын ассистенти, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Кадырова Зарема Анитовна, медицина илимдеринин кандидаты, И.К. Ахунбаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик медициналык академиясынын неврология жана клиникалык генетика кафедрасынын доценти, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Шилтемелер

1. Скоромец А. А. Нервные болезни: учебное пособие / А.А.Скоромец, А.П.Скоромец, Т.А.Скоромец. – М.: МЕД
пресс-информ, 2013 г. – с.284-286
2. Элькелес Р. Ошибочный диагноз острого инсульта при параличе Белла // Clin Med (Лондон), 2020 Янв; 20 (1):
120.
3. Peitersen E. The natural history of Bell's palsy. Am J Otol.1982 Oct. 4(2):107-11.
4. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencepha
lic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug12;61(3):327-33.
5. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015
Jun; 204(6):W612-9.
6. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy:the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;122:4–30. doi:10.1080/000164802760370736
7. De Diego JI, Prim MP, Madero R, et al. Seasonal patterns of idiopathic facial paralysis: a 16-year study. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 1999;120:269–71. doi:10.1016/S01945998(99) 704183
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Цитата үчүн

Абитова Г.К., Муканбетова Г.Д., Кадырова З.А. Беллдин шал оорусу (Идиопатиялык бет нервинин нейропатиясы). "Кыргызстандын саламаттык сактоо" илимий-практикалык журналы 2024, № 2, б. 140-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2024.2.6.20.140.147
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