About the authors
Курманбекова Бермет Темирбековна, младший научный сотрудник отделения хронической сердечной недостаточности, Национальный центр кардиологии и терапии имени академика М.Миррахимова, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика;
Норузбаева Айгуль Мукашевна, доктор медицинский наук, профессор, заведующая отделением хронической сердечной недостаточности, Национальный центр кардиологии и терапии имени академика М.Миррахимова, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика;
Рустамбекова Акмарал Рустамбековна, младший научный сотрудник отделения хронической сердечной недостаточности, Национальный центр кардиологии и терапии имени академика М. Миррахимова, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика.
Kurmanbekova Bermet Temirbekovna, young researcher at chronic heart failure division, National center of cardiology and internal medicine named after academician M.Mirrakhimov, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic;
Rustambekova Akmaral Rustambekovna, Junior Researcher, Department of Chronic Heart Failure, National Center for Cardiology and Therapy named after Academician M. Mirrakhimov,Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic;
Noruzbaeva Aigul Mukashevna, MD, professor, the head of chronic heart failure division, National center of cardiology and internal medicine named after academician M.Mirrakhimov, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
Курманбекова Бермет Темирбековна, өнөкөт жүрөк жетишсиздиги бөлүмүнүн кенже илимий кызматкери, Академик М.Миррахимов атындагы улуттук кардиология жана терапия борбору, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы;
Норузбаева Айгуль Мукашевна, медицина илимдеринин доктору, өнөкөт жүрөк жетишсиздиги бөлүмүнүн башчысы, Академик М.Миррахимов атындагы улуттук кардиология жана терапия борбору, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы;
Рустамбекова Акмарал Рустамбековна, өнөкөт жүрөк жетишсиздиги бөлүмүнүн кенже илимий кызматкери, Академик М.Миррахимов атындагы улуттук кардиология жана терапия борбору, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы.
References
1. Rosano GM, Vitale C, Seferovic P. Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Card Fail Rev 2017; 3(1):52-55.doi:10.15420/cfr.2016:20:2
2. Joshua J.J, Justin B., Valery S.E et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and incident of type 2 diabetes mellitus: MESA. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009890 Journal of the American Heart Association 2018;7:e009890
3. Aroor AR, Mandavia CH, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and heart failure: molecular mechanisms. Heart Fail Clin 2012; 8(4):609-617. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.005
4. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020; 41(2):255–323.
5. Dziubak A, Wójcicka G, Wojtak A, Bełtowski J. Metabolic Effects of Metformin in the Failing Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(10):2869.
6. Wurm R, Resl M, Neuhold S, Prager R, Brath H, Francesconi C, et al. Cardiovascular safety of metformin and sulfonylureas in patients with different cardiac risk profiles. Heart 2016; 102(19):1544–51.
7. Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, Squire I, Cardoso, JS, Merkely B, et al. Risk related to pre–diabetes mellitus and diabetesmellitus in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure trial. Circulation: Heart Failure 2016 Jan; 9(1):e002560.
8. Bilak JM, Gulsin GS, McCann GP. Cardiovascular and systemic determinants of exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism January 2021. doi:10.1177/2042018820980235
9. Sasaki H, Asanuma H, Fujita M, Takahama H, Wakeno M, Ito S et al. Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: role of AMP-activated protein kinase. Circulation 2009 May 19; 119(19):2568-77.
10. Cittadini A, Napoli R, Monti MG, Rea D, Longobardi S, Netti PA, et al. Metformin prevents the development of chronic heart failure in the SHHF rat model. Diabetes 2012 Apr 1; 61(4):944-53.
11. Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, et al. Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence. Biomolecules 2021; 11(12):1834. Published 2021 Dec 4. doi:10.3390/biom11121834
12. Larsen, A.H., Jessen, N., Nørrelund, H., Tolbod, L.P., Harms, H.J. et al (2020), A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin on myocardial efficiency in insulin-resistant chronic heart failure patients without diabetes. Eur J Heart Fail 22:1628-1637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1656
13. Siyao He, Xin Qian, Yanyan Chen, Xiaoxia Shen et al "Risk of Death and Heart Failure among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated by Metformin and Nonmetformin Monotherapy: A Real-World Study", Journal of Diabetes Research vol. 2021, Article ID 5534387, 10 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5534387
14. Han, Y., Xie, H., Liu, Y. et al. Effect of metformin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery di seases: a systematic review and an updated meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 18, 96 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0900-7
15. Wong AK, Symon R, AlZadjali MA, Ang DS, Ogston S, Choy A, et al The effect of metformin on insulin resistance and exercise parameters in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2012 Nov; 14(11):1303-10. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs106. Epub 2012 Jun 27. PMID: 22740509.
16. Luther JM. Effects of aldosterone on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Steroids 2014; 91:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.016
17. Nesti L, Natali A. Metformin effects on the heart and the cardiovascular system: A review of experimental and clinical data. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Aug; 27(8):657-669. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.009. Epub 2017 May 10. PMID: 28709719.
18. Ohkuma T, Jun M, Woodward M, Zoungas S, Cooper ME, Grobbee DE, et al. Cardiac Stress and Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(9):1203–9.
19. Latini R, Masson S, Wong M, Barlera S, Carretta E, Staszewsky L, et al. Incremental prognostic value of changes in B-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure. Am J Med 2006; 119(1):70.e23-30.
20. Shah DD, Fonarow GC, Horwich TB. Metformin therapy and outcomes in patients with advanced systolic heart failure and diabetes. J Card Fail 2010;16:200–206
21. Top WMC, Lehert P, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA, Kooy A. Metformin and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in type 2 diabetes patients, a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2021 Apr 8; 16(4):e0247939. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247939. PMID: 33830998; PMCID: PMC8031400.
22. Rosiak M, Postula M, Kaplon-Cieslicka A, Trzepla E et al Metformin treatment may be associated with decreased levels of NTproBNP in patients with type 2 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58(2):362-8. doi: 10.2478/ams-2013-0009. PMID: 24327531.
23. Eltonsy S, Dufour Doiron M, Simard P, Jose C, Sénéchal M et al Effects of the combination of metformin and exercise on glycated hemoglobin, functional capacity, lipid profile, quality of life, and body weight. J Int Med Res 2019 Mar; 47(3):1131-1145. doi:10.1177/0300060518817164. Epub 2019 Jan 7. PMID: 30614342; PMCID: PMC6421378.
24. Banerjee S,Panas R. Diabetes and cardiorenal syndrome:Understanding the “Triple Threat”.Hellenic J Cardiol 2017; 58(5):342–7.
25. Ekundayo OJ, Muchimba M, Aban IB, Ritchie C, Campbell RC, Ahmed A. Multimorbidity due to diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease and outcomes in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103(1):88–92.
26. Kishi T, Hirooka Y. Cardiac complications in hypertension and diabetes: role of sympathetic nervous activity. Curr Hypertension Rev 2013; 9(4):274–7.
27. Damman K, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ. Albuminuria in heart failure: a CHARMing new risk factor? Lancet 2009;374(9689):506–8.
28. Stehouwer CD, Smulders YM. Microalbuminuria and risk for cardiovascular disease: analysis of potential mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(8):2106–11
29. Mullens W, Damman K, Testani JM, Martens P, Mueller C, Lassus J, et al. Evaluation of kidney function throughout the heart failure trajectory – a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22(4):584–603.
30. Crowley MJ, Diamantidis CJ, McDuffie JR, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Metformin Use in Populations With Chronic Kidney Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166(3):191-200. doi:10.7326/M16-1901
31. Wiggers H, Køber L, Gislason G, Schou M, Poulsen MK, Vraa S, Nielsen OW, et al The DANish randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in patients with chronic HEART failure (DANHEART): A 2 × 2 factorial trial of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in patients with chronic heart failure (H-HeFT) and metformin in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes or prediabetes (Met-HeFT). Am Heart J 2021 Jan; 231:137-146. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.09.020. Epub 2020 Oct 9. PMID: 33039340; PMCID: PM C7544566.
32. Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, et al. Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence. Biomolecules 2021; 11(12):1834. Published 2021 Dec 4. Doi: 10.3390/biom11121834.
1. Rosano GM, Vitale C, Seferovic P. Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Card Fail Rev 2017; 3(1): 52-55. doi:10.15420/cfr.2016:20:2
2. Joshua J.J, Justin B., Valery S.E et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and incident of type 2 diabetes mellitus: MESA. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009890 Journal of the American Heart Association 2018;7:e009890
3. Aroor AR, Mandavia CH, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and heart failure: molecular mechanisms. Heart Fail Clin 2012; 8(4):609-617. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.005
4. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020; 41(2):255–323.
5. Dziubak A, Wójcicka G, Wojtak A, Bełtowski J. Metabolic Effects of Metformin in the Failing Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(10):2869.
6. Wurm R, Resl M, Neuhold S, Prager R, Brath H, Francesconi C, et al. Cardiovascular safety of metformin and sulfonylureas in patients with different cardiac risk profiles. Heart 2016; 102(19):1544–51.
7. Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, Squire I, Cardoso, JS, Merkely B, et al. Risk related to pre–diabetes mellitus and diabetesmellitus in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure trial. Circulation: Heart Failure 2016 Jan; 9(1):e002560.
8. Bilak JM, Gulsin GS, McCann GP. Cardiovascular and systemic determinants of exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism January 2021. doi:10.1177/2042018820980235
9. Sasaki H, Asanuma H, Fujita M, Takahama H, Wakeno M, Ito S et al. Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: role of AMP-activated protein kinase. Circulation 2009 May 19; 119(19):2568-77.
10. Cittadini A, Napoli R, Monti MG, Rea D, Longobardi S, Netti PA, et al. Metformin prevents the development of chronic heart failure in the SHHF rat model. Diabetes 2012 Apr 1; 61(4):944-53.
11. Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, et al. Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence. Biomolecules 2021; 11(12):1834. Published 2021 Dec 4. doi:10.3390/biom11121834
12. Larsen, A.H., Jessen, N., Nørrelund, H., Tolbod, L.P., Harms, H.J. et al (2020), A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin on myocardial efficiency in insulin-resistant chronic heart failure patients without diabetes. Eur J Heart Fail 22:1628-1637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1656
13. Siyao He, Xin Qian, Yanyan Chen, Xiaoxia Shen et al "Risk of Death and Heart Failure among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated by Metformin and Nonmetformin Monotherapy: A Real-World Study", Journal of Diabetes Research vol. 2021, Article ID 5534387, 10 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5534387
14. Han, Y., Xie, H., Liu, Y. et al. Effect of metformin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery di seases: a systematic review and an updated meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 18, 96 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0900-7
15. Wong AK, Symon R, AlZadjali MA, Ang DS, Ogston S, Choy A, et al The effect of metformin on insulin resistance and exercise parameters in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2012 Nov; 14(11):1303-10. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs106. Epub 2012 Jun 27. PMID: 22740509.
16. Luther JM. Effects of aldosterone on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Steroids 2014; 91:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.016
17. Nesti L, Natali A. Metformin effects on the heart and the cardiovascular system: A review of experimental and clinical data. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Aug; 27(8):657-669. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.009. Epub 2017 May 10. PMID: 28709719.
18. Ohkuma T, Jun M, Woodward M, Zoungas S, Cooper ME, Grobbee DE, et al. Cardiac Stress and Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(9):1203–9.
19. Latini R, Masson S, Wong M, Barlera S, Carretta E, Staszewsky L, et al. Incremental prognostic value of changes in B-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure. Am J Med 2006; 119(1):70.e23-30.
20. Shah DD, Fonarow GC, Horwich TB. Metformin therapy and outcomes in patients with advanced systolic heart failure and diabetes. J Card Fail 2010;16:200–206
21. Top WMC, Lehert P, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA, Kooy A. Metformin and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in type 2 diabetes patients, a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2021 Apr 8; 16(4):e0247939. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247939. PMID: 33830998; PMCID: PMC8031400.
22. Rosiak M, Postula M, Kaplon-Cieslicka A, Trzepla E et al Metformin treatment may be associated with decreased levels of NTproBNP in patients with type 2 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58(2):362-8. doi: 10.2478/ams-2013-0009. PMID: 24327531.
23. Eltonsy S, Dufour Doiron M, Simard P, Jose C, Sénéchal M et al Effects of the combination of metformin and exercise on glycated hemoglobin, functional capacity, lipid profile, quality of life, and body weight. J Int Med Res 2019 Mar; 47(3):1131-1145. doi:10.1177/0300060518817164. Epub 2019 Jan 7. PMID: 30614342; PMCID: PMC6421378.
24. Banerjee S,Panas R. Diabetes and cardiorenal syndrome:Understanding the “Triple Threat”.Hellenic J Cardiol 2017; 58(5):342–7.
25. Ekundayo OJ, Muchimba M, Aban IB, Ritchie C, Campbell RC, Ahmed A. Multimorbidity due to diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease and outcomes in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103(1):88–92.
26. Kishi T, Hirooka Y. Cardiac complications in hypertension and diabetes: role of sympathetic nervous activity. Curr Hypertension Rev 2013; 9(4):274–7.
27. Damman K, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ. Albuminuria in heart failure: a CHARMing new risk factor? Lancet 2009;374(9689):506–8.
28. Stehouwer CD, Smulders YM. Microalbuminuria and risk for cardiovascular disease: analysis of potential mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(8):2106–11
29. Mullens W, Damman K, Testani JM, Martens P, Mueller C, Lassus J, et al. Evaluation of kidney function throughout the heart failure trajectory – a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22(4):584–603.
30. Crowley MJ, Diamantidis CJ, McDuffie JR, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Metformin Use in Populations With Chronic Kidney Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166(3):191-200. doi:10.7326/M16-1901
31. Wiggers H, Køber L, Gislason G, Schou M, Poulsen MK, Vraa S, Nielsen OW, et al The DANish randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in patients with chronic HEART failure (DANHEART): A 2 × 2 factorial trial of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in patients with chronic heart failure (H-HeFT) and metformin in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes or prediabetes (Met-HeFT). Am Heart J 2021 Jan; 231:137-146. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.09.020. Epub 2020 Oct 9. PMID: 33039340; PMCID: PM C7544566.
32. Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, et al. Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence. Biomolecules 2021; 11(12):1834. Published 2021 Dec 4. Doi: 10.3390/biom11121834.
1. Rosano GM, Vitale C, Seferovic P. Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Card Fail Rev 2017; 3(1): 52-55.doi:10.15420/cfr.2016:20:2
2. Joshua J.J, Justin B., Valery S.E et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and incident of type 2 diabetes mellitus: MESA. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009890 Journal of the American Heart Association 2018;7:e009890
3. Aroor AR, Mandavia CH, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and heart failure: molecular mechanisms. Heart Fail Clin 2012; 8(4):609-617. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.005
4. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020; 41(2):255–323.
5. Dziubak A, Wójcicka G, Wojtak A, Bełtowski J. Metabolic Effects of Metformin in the Failing Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(10):2869.
6. Wurm R, Resl M, Neuhold S, Prager R, Brath H, Francesconi C, et al. Cardiovascular safety of metformin and sulfonylureas in patients with different cardiac risk profiles. Heart 2016; 102(19):1544–51.
7. Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, Squire I, Cardoso, JS, Merkely B, et al. Risk related to pre–diabetes mellitus and diabetesmellitus in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure trial. Circulation: Heart Failure 2016 Jan; 9(1):e002560.
8. Bilak JM, Gulsin GS, McCann GP. Cardiovascular and systemic determinants of exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism January 2021. doi:10.1177/2042018820980235
9. Sasaki H, Asanuma H, Fujita M, Takahama H, Wakeno M, Ito S et al. Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: role of AMP-activated protein kinase. Circulation 2009 May 19; 119(19):2568-77.
10. Cittadini A, Napoli R, Monti MG, Rea D, Longobardi S, Netti PA, et al. Metformin prevents the development of chronic heart failure in the SHHF rat model. Diabetes 2012 Apr 1; 61(4):944-53.
11. Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, et al. Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence. Biomolecules 2021; 11(12):1834. Published 2021 Dec 4. doi:10.3390/biom11121834
12. Larsen, A.H., Jessen, N., Nørrelund, H., Tolbod, L.P., Harms, H.J. et al (2020), A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin on myocardial efficiency in insulin-resistant chronic heart failure patients without diabetes. Eur J Heart Fail 22:1628-1637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1656
13. Siyao He, Xin Qian, Yanyan Chen, Xiaoxia Shen et al "Risk of Death and Heart Failure among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated by Metformin and Nonmetformin Monotherapy: A Real-World Study", Journal of Diabetes Research vol. 2021, Article ID 5534387, 10 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5534387
14. Han, Y., Xie, H., Liu, Y. et al. Effect of metformin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery di seases: a systematic review and an updated meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 18, 96 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0900-7
15. Wong AK, Symon R, AlZadjali MA, Ang DS, Ogston S, Choy A, et al The effect of metformin on insulin resistance and exercise parameters in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2012 Nov; 14(11):1303-10. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs106. Epub 2012 Jun 27. PMID: 22740509.
16. Luther JM. Effects of aldosterone on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Steroids 2014; 91:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.016
17. Nesti L, Natali A. Metformin effects on the heart and the cardiovascular system: A review of experimental and clinical data. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Aug; 27(8):657-669. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.009. Epub 2017 May 10. PMID: 28709719.
18. Ohkuma T, Jun M, Woodward M, Zoungas S, Cooper ME, Grobbee DE, et al. Cardiac Stress and Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(9):1203–9.
19. Latini R, Masson S, Wong M, Barlera S, Carretta E, Staszewsky L, et al. Incremental prognostic value of changes in B-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure. Am J Med 2006; 119(1):70.e23-30.
20. Shah DD, Fonarow GC, Horwich TB. Metformin therapy and outcomes in patients with advanced systolic heart failure and diabetes. J Card Fail 2010;16:200–206
21. Top WMC, Lehert P, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA, Kooy A. Metformin and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in type 2 diabetes patients, a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2021 Apr 8; 16(4):e0247939. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247939. PMID: 33830998; PMCID: PMC8031400.
22. Rosiak M, Postula M, Kaplon-Cieslicka A, Trzepla E et al Metformin treatment may be associated with decreased levels of NTproBNP in patients with type 2 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58(2):362-8. doi: 10.2478/ams-2013-0009. PMID: 24327531.
23. Eltonsy S, Dufour Doiron M, Simard P, Jose C, Sénéchal M et al Effects of the combination of metformin and exercise on glycated hemoglobin, functional capacity, lipid profile, quality of life, and body weight. J Int Med Res 2019 Mar; 47(3):1131-1145. doi:10.1177/0300060518817164. Epub 2019 Jan 7. PMID: 30614342; PMCID: PMC6421378.
24. Banerjee S,Panas R. Diabetes and cardiorenal syndrome:Understanding the “Triple Threat”.Hellenic J Cardiol 2017; 58(5):342–7.
25. Ekundayo OJ, Muchimba M, Aban IB, Ritchie C, Campbell RC, Ahmed A. Multimorbidity due to diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease and outcomes in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103(1):88–92.
26. Kishi T, Hirooka Y. Cardiac complications in hypertension and diabetes: role of sympathetic nervous activity. Curr Hypertension Rev 2013; 9(4):274–7.
27. Damman K, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ. Albuminuria in heart failure: a CHARMing new risk factor? Lancet 2009;374(9689):506–8.
28. Stehouwer CD, Smulders YM. Microalbuminuria and risk for cardiovascular disease: analysis of potential mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(8):2106–11
29. Mullens W, Damman K, Testani JM, Martens P, Mueller C, Lassus J, et al. Evaluation of kidney function throughout the heart failure trajectory – a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22(4):584–603.
30. Crowley MJ, Diamantidis CJ, McDuffie JR, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Metformin Use in Populations With Chronic Kidney Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166(3):191-200. doi:10.7326/M16-1901
31. Wiggers H, Køber L, Gislason G, Schou M, Poulsen MK, Vraa S, Nielsen OW, et al The DANish randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in patients with chronic HEART failure (DANHEART): A 2 × 2 factorial trial of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in patients with chronic heart failure (H-HeFT) and metformin in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes or prediabetes (Met-HeFT). Am Heart J 2021 Jan; 231:137-146. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.09.020. Epub 2020 Oct 9. PMID: 33039340; PMCID: PM C7544566.
32. Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, et al. Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiological Rationale to Clinical Evidence. Biomolecules 2021; 11(12):1834. Published 2021 Dec 4. Doi: 10.3390/biom11121834.