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The new coronavirus infection, post-COVID syndrome (long COVID): epidemiology, pathophysiology, therapeutic options

https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
The new coronavirus infection, post-COVID syndrome (long COVID): epidemiology, pathophysiology, therapeutic options
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Abstract About the authors References

Abstract

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has affected many areas of our lives, and we are still analyzing and systematizing its consequences. Post-COVID syndrome is a global threat to humans. Our task is to understand the mechanisms of development of these symptoms in order to develop effective preventive and therapeutic recommendations for preventing the development of post-COVID syndrome.

About the authors

Шингареева Карина Ринатовна, научный сотрудник Республиканского научно-практический центр инфеционного контроля при Национальном институте общественного здоровья Министерства здравоохранения, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Ашихмин Ярослав Игоревич, кандидат медицинских наук, кардиолог, сотрудник Центра экспертизы и контроля качества медицинской помощи Министерства здравоохранения России, Москва, Российская Федерация

Shinagareeva Karina Rinatovna, researcher at the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Infection Control at the National Institute of Public Health of the Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic 
Ashikhmin Yaroslav Igorevich, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Cardiologist, Employee of the Center for Expertise and Quality Control of Medical Care of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation

Шинагареева Карина Ринатовна, Саламаттыкты сактоо министрлигинин Коомдук саламаттыкты сактоо улуттук институтуна караштуу Республикалык инфекциялык контролдоо илимий-практикалык борборунун илимий кызматкери, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Ашихмин Ярослав Игоревич, медицина илимдеринин кандидаты, кардиолог, Россиянын Саламаттыкты сактоо министрлигинин медициналык жардамдын сапатын жана экспертизасын көзөмөлдөө борборунун кызматкери, Москва, Россия Федерациясы

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  1. Ramakrishnan, R.K., Kashour, T., Hamid, Q., Halwani, R., Tleyjeh, I.M., 2021. Unraveling the mystery surrounding post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Front. Immunol. 12,686029.
  2. Oronsky B, Larson C, Hammond TC, Oronsky A, Kesari S et al. A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 2021; 20: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3
  3. Zeng QL, Li GM, Ji F, Ma SH, Zhang GF et al. Clinical course and treatment efficacy of COVID-19 near Hubei Province, China: A multicentre, retrospective study. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020; 67(6): 2971-2982. doi: 10.1111/ tbed.13674)
  4. Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., 2020. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 324, 603–605.
  5. Sykes, D.L., Holdsworth, L., Jawad, N. et al. Post-COVID-19 Symptom Burden: What is Long-COVID and How Should We Manage It?. Lung 199, 113–119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00423-z
  6. Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., Murphy, FA., Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., Murphy, F.A., 2017. Chapter 39-Viral syndromes. Fenner and White’s Medical Virology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 537–556.
  7. Dotan A, Muller S, Kanduc D, David P, Halpert G, Shoenfeld Y. The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. Apr 2021;20(4).
  8. Alwan NA. A negative COVID-19 test does not mean recovery. Nature 2020 Aug 11;584(7820):170 –170.
  9. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020 Aug 11;324(6):603–5.
  10. Mahmud R, Rahman MM, Rassel MA, Monayem FB, Sayeed SKJB, Islam MS, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh. PLOS ONE 2021 Apr 8;16(4).
  11. Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 9;11(1):16144.
  12. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Nov 1;5(11):1265–73.
  13. European Respiratory Society. END-COVID – European Respiratory Network for Data-Sharing in COVID19. Date last accessed: 05 Apr 2021. ersnet.org/science-and-research/clinical-research-collaboration-applicationprogramme/end-covid-european-respiratory-network-for-data-sharing-in-covid19/].
  14. Salman D, Vishnubala D, Le Feuvre P, Beaney T, Korgaonkar J, Majeed A et al. Returning to physical activity after covid-19 BMJ 2021; 372 :m4721 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4721
  15. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):601-615. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. Epub 2021 Mar 22. PMID: 33753937; PMCID: PMC8893149.
  16. Huang C et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 397, 220–232 (2021). [PubMed: 33428867])
  17. Huang C et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 397, 220–232 (2021). [PubMed: 33428867]
  18. Arnold DT et al. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 (2020)
  19. Shah W, Hillman T, Playford E D, Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ 2021; 372 :n136 doi:10.1136/bmj. n136
  20. Halpin SJ et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol 93, 1013–1022 (2021). [PubMed: 32729939]
  21. Lee AM et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can. J. Psychiatry 52, 233–240 (2007). [PubMed: 17500304]
  22. Gupta A et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med 26, 1017–1032 (2020). [PubMed: 32651579]
  23. Williamson EJ et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584, 430–436 (2020). [PubMed: 32640463]
  24. Lechner-Scott J, Levy M, Hawkes C, Yeh A, Giovannoni G. Long COVID or post COVID-19 syndrome. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021 Oct;55:103268. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103268. Epub 2021 Sep 17. PMID: 34601388; PMCID:PMC8447548.
  25. Gupta A et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med 26, 1017–1032 (2020). [PubMed: 32651579])
  26. Lu R et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395, 565–574 (2020). [PubMed: 32007145]
  27. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P & Shi Z-LCharacteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 19, 141–154 (2021). [PubMed: 33024307]
  28. Shang J et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581, 221–224 (2020). [PubMed: 32225175]
  29. Wrobel AG et al. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol 27, 763–767 (2020). [PubMed: 32647346]
  30. Needham DM et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 188, 567–576 (2013). [PubMed: 23805899]
  31. Pandharipande PP et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med 369, 1306–1316 (2013). [PubMed: 24088092]
  32. Inoue S et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med. Surg 6, 233–246 (2019). [PubMed: 31304024]
  33. Kress JP & Hall JB ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med 370, 1626–1635 (2014). [PubMed: 24758618]
  34. 36 Hosey MM & Needham DM Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim 6, 60 (2020). [PubMed: 32669623]
  35. Zahariadis G et al. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays. Can. Respir. J 13, 17–22 (2006). [PubMed: 16470249]
  36. Zheng Z, Chen R & Li Y The clinical characteristics of secondary infections of lower respiratory tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Chin. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 2, 270–274 (2003).
  37. Huang C et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497–506 (2020). [PubMed: 31986264]
  38. Lescure FX et al. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. Lancet Infect. Dis 20, 697–706 (2020). [PubMed: 32224310]
  39. Zhou F et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395, 1054–1062 (2020). [PubMed: 32171076]
  40. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 2020; 39(5): 405-407. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012]
  41. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30183-5
  42. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395(10229): 1054-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
  43. Halpin DMG, Singh D, Hadfield RM. Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19: a systematic review and clinical perspective. The European Respiratory Journal 2020; 55(5): 2001009. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01009-2020
  44. Sokolowska M, Lukasik ZM, Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis D et al. Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy 2020; 75(10): 2445-2476. doi: 10.1111/all.14462
  45. Esendağli D, Yilmaz A, Akçay Ş, Özlü T. Post-COVID syndrome: pulmonary complications. Turk J Med Sci. 2021 Dec 17;51(SI-1):3359-3371. doi:10.3906/sag-2106-238. PMID: 34284532; PMCID: PMC8771021
  46. Rasa et al., 2018 Oct 1, Loebel et al., 2016 Feb 1, Rodriguez-Pintó et al., 2014 Oct
  47. Pieter Cohen, MD, Kelly Gebo, MD, MPH 14.11.2022 COVID-19: Management of adults with acute illness in the outpatient setting – UpToDate
  48. Dotan A, Shoenfeld Y. Post-COVID syndrome: the aftershock of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;114:233-235. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.020. Epub 2021 Nov 14. PMID: 34785367; PMCID: PMC8590600.
  49. Türktaş H, Oğuzülgen K. Covid-19 sonrası akciğer sekelleri: uzun dönem takip ve tedavi. Tuberkülöz ve Toraks 2020; 68(4): 419-429.]
  50. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30183-5
  51. Chaudhary S, Natt B, Bime C, Knox KS, Glassberg MK. Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 539. doi: 10.3389/ fmed.2020.00539
  52. Simpson R, Robinson L. Rehabilitation following critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 2020
  53. Falvey JR, Ferrante LE. Flattening the disability curve: Rehabilitation and recovery after COVID-19 infection. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Cardiopulmonary and Acute Care
  54. Needham DM, Sepulveda KA, Dinglas VD, et al. Core Outcome Measures for Clinical Research in Acute Respiratory Failure Survivors. An International Modified Delphi Consensus Study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2017;196(9):1122-1130.
  55. Martin R, Botkin R, Campbell A, et al. COVID-19 Core Outcome Measures, APTA Academies and Sections Consensus Statement. COVID-19 Practice Resources Web site. https://www.apta.org/your-practice/outcomesmeasurement/covid-19-core-outcome-measures. Published 2020. Updated 10/21/2020. Accessed 10/22/2020
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  57. Head R, Lumbers ER, Jarrott B, et al. Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic, physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID-19 and response to treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022; in press.
  58. Martin JH, Head R. Obesity and COVID-19: renin-angiotensin as a mediator of morbidity and mortality. Br J Nutr. 2021;3:1-6.
  59. Anker SD, Coats AJS. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2-3):123-130)
  60. Jarrott B, Head R, Pringle KG, Lumbers ER, Martin JH. "LONG COVID"-A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022 Feb;10(1):e00911. doi: 10.1002/prp2.911. PMID: 35029046; PMCID: PMC8929332.
  61. Chopra V, Flanders SA & O’Malley M Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Intern. Med 10.7326/M20-5661 (2020).
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  27. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P & Shi Z-LCharacteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 19, 141–154 (2021). [PubMed: 33024307]
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  56. Mayer KP, Steele AK, Soper MK, Branton JD, Lusby ML, Kalema AG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Montgomery-Yates AA. Physical Therapy Management of an Individual With Post-COVID Syndrome: A Case Report. Phys Ther. 2021 Jun 1;101(6):pzab098. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab098. PMID: 33735380; PMCID: PMC7989151.
  57. Head R, Lumbers ER, Jarrott B, et al. Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic, physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID-19 and response to treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022; in press.
  58. Martin JH, Head R. Obesity and COVID-19: renin-angiotensin as a mediator of morbidity and mortality. Br J Nutr. 2021;3:1-6.
  59. Anker SD, Coats AJS. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2-3):123-130)
  60. Jarrott B, Head R, Pringle KG, Lumbers ER, Martin JH. "LONG COVID"-A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022 Feb;10(1):e00911. doi: 10.1002/prp2.911. PMID: 35029046; PMCID: PMC8929332.
  61. Chopra V, Flanders SA & O’Malley M Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Intern. Med 10.7326/M20-5661 (2020).
  62. Salman D, Vishnubala D, Le Feuvre P, Beaney T, Korgaonkar J, Majeed A et al. Returning to physical activity after covid-19 BMJ 2021; 372 :m4721 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4721
  63. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavir сша/
Keywords
Measles , COVID-19 , Post-COVID syndrome , Long COVID-19 , Chronic fatigue syndrome
Для цитирования

Шинагареева К.Р., Ашихмин Я.И. Новая коронавирусная инфекция, постковидный синдром (long COVID): эпидемиология, патофизиология, возможности терапии. Здравоохранение Кыргызстана научно-практический журнал 2023, № 4, с.58-67.  https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
For citation

Shinagareeva K.R., Ashikhmin Y.I. The new coronavirus in fection, post-COVID syndrome (long COVID): epidemiolo gy, pathophysiology, therapeutic options. Health care of Kyrgyzstan scientific and practical journal 2023,  No.4, pp.58-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
Цитата үчүн

Шинагареева К.Р., Ашихмин Я.И. Жаңы коронавирустук инфекция, кайры келген синдром (узун COVID): эпидемиология, патофизиология, терапия мүмкүндүктөрү. Кыргызстандын саламаттык сактоо илимий-практикалык журналы 2023, № 4, б. 58-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
Authors Shinagareeva K.R., Ashikhmin Y.I.
Link doi.org https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
Pages 58-67
Keywords Measles, COVID-19, Post-COVID syndrome, Long COVID-19, Chronic fatigue syndrome
Russian
Об авторах

Шингареева Карина Ринатовна, научный сотрудник Республиканского научно-практический центр инфеционного контроля при Национальном институте общественного здоровья Министерства здравоохранения, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Ашихмин Ярослав Игоревич, кандидат медицинских наук, кардиолог, сотрудник Центра экспертизы и контроля качества медицинской помощи Министерства здравоохранения России, Москва, Российская Федерация
Полный текст

PDF (RUS)
Список литературы
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  2. Oronsky B, Larson C, Hammond TC, Oronsky A, Kesari S et al. A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 2021; 20: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3
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  43. Halpin DMG, Singh D, Hadfield RM. Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19: a systematic review and clinical perspective. The European Respiratory Journal 2020; 55(5): 2001009. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01009-2020
  44. Sokolowska M, Lukasik ZM, Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis D et al. Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy 2020; 75(10): 2445-2476. doi: 10.1111/all.14462
  45. Esendağli D, Yilmaz A, Akçay Ş, Özlü T. Post-COVID syndrome: pulmonary complications. Turk J Med Sci. 2021 Dec 17;51(SI-1):3359-3371. doi:10.3906/sag-2106-238. PMID: 34284532; PMCID: PMC8771021
  46. Rasa et al., 2018 Oct 1, Loebel et al., 2016 Feb 1, Rodriguez-Pintó et al., 2014 Oct
  47. Pieter Cohen, MD, Kelly Gebo, MD, MPH 14.11.2022 COVID-19: Management of adults with acute illness in the outpatient setting – UpToDate
  48. Dotan A, Shoenfeld Y. Post-COVID syndrome: the aftershock of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;114:233-235. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.020. Epub 2021 Nov 14. PMID: 34785367; PMCID: PMC8590600.
  49. Türktaş H, Oğuzülgen K. Covid-19 sonrası akciğer sekelleri: uzun dönem takip ve tedavi. Tuberkülöz ve Toraks 2020; 68(4): 419-429.]
  50. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30183-5
  51. Chaudhary S, Natt B, Bime C, Knox KS, Glassberg MK. Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 539. doi: 10.3389/ fmed.2020.00539
  52. Simpson R, Robinson L. Rehabilitation following critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 2020
  53. Falvey JR, Ferrante LE. Flattening the disability curve: Rehabilitation and recovery after COVID-19 infection. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Cardiopulmonary and Acute Care
  54. Needham DM, Sepulveda KA, Dinglas VD, et al. Core Outcome Measures for Clinical Research in Acute Respiratory Failure Survivors. An International Modified Delphi Consensus Study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2017;196(9):1122-1130.
  55. Martin R, Botkin R, Campbell A, et al. COVID-19 Core Outcome Measures, APTA Academies and Sections Consensus Statement. COVID-19 Practice Resources Web site. https://www.apta.org/your-practice/outcomesmeasurement/covid-19-core-outcome-measures. Published 2020. Updated 10/21/2020. Accessed 10/22/2020
  56. Mayer KP, Steele AK, Soper MK, Branton JD, Lusby ML, Kalema AG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Montgomery-Yates AA. Physical Therapy Management of an Individual With Post-COVID Syndrome: A Case Report. Phys Ther. 2021 Jun 1;101(6):pzab098. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab098. PMID: 33735380; PMCID: PMC7989151.
  57. Head R, Lumbers ER, Jarrott B, et al. Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic, physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID-19 and response to treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022; in press.
  58. Martin JH, Head R. Obesity and COVID-19: renin-angiotensin as a mediator of morbidity and mortality. Br J Nutr. 2021;3:1-6.
  59. Anker SD, Coats AJS. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2-3):123-130)
  60. Jarrott B, Head R, Pringle KG, Lumbers ER, Martin JH. "LONG COVID"-A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022 Feb;10(1):e00911. doi: 10.1002/prp2.911. PMID: 35029046; PMCID: PMC8929332.
  61. Chopra V, Flanders SA & O’Malley M Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Intern. Med 10.7326/M20-5661 (2020).
  62. Salman D, Vishnubala D, Le Feuvre P, Beaney T, Korgaonkar J, Majeed A et al. Returning to physical activity after covid-19 BMJ 2021; 372 :m4721 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4721
  63. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavir сша/
Для цитирования

Шинагареева К.Р., Ашихмин Я.И. Новая коронавирусная инфекция, постковидный синдром (long COVID): эпидемиология, патофизиология, возможности терапии. Здравоохранение Кыргызстана научно-практический журнал 2023, № 4, с.58-67.  https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
English
About authors

Shinagareeva Karina Rinatovna, researcher at the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Infection Control at the National Institute of Public Health of the Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic 
Ashikhmin Yaroslav Igorevich, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Cardiologist, Employee of the Center for Expertise and Quality Control of Medical Care of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
References
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  2. Oronsky B, Larson C, Hammond TC, Oronsky A, Kesari S et al. A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 2021; 20: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3
  3. Zeng QL, Li GM, Ji F, Ma SH, Zhang GF et al. Clinical course and treatment efficacy of COVID-19 near Hubei Province, China: A multicentre, retrospective study. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020; 67(6): 2971-2982. doi: 10.1111/ tbed.13674)
  4. Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., 2020. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 324, 603–605.
  5. Sykes, D.L., Holdsworth, L., Jawad, N. et al. Post-COVID-19 Symptom Burden: What is Long-COVID and How Should We Manage It?. Lung 199, 113–119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00423-z
  6. Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., Murphy, FA., Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., Murphy, F.A., 2017. Chapter 39-Viral syndromes. Fenner and White’s Medical Virology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 537–556.
  7. Dotan A, Muller S, Kanduc D, David P, Halpert G, Shoenfeld Y. The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. Apr 2021;20(4).
  8. Alwan NA. A negative COVID-19 test does not mean recovery. Nature 2020 Aug 11;584(7820):170 –170.
  9. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020 Aug 11;324(6):603–5.
  10. Mahmud R, Rahman MM, Rassel MA, Monayem FB, Sayeed SKJB, Islam MS, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh. PLOS ONE 2021 Apr 8;16(4).
  11. Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 9;11(1):16144.
  12. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Nov 1;5(11):1265–73.
  13. European Respiratory Society. END-COVID – European Respiratory Network for Data-Sharing in COVID19. Date last accessed: 05 Apr 2021. ersnet.org/science-and-research/clinical-research-collaboration-applicationprogramme/end-covid-european-respiratory-network-for-data-sharing-in-covid19/].
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  15. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):601-615. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. Epub 2021 Mar 22. PMID: 33753937; PMCID: PMC8893149.
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  18. Arnold DT et al. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 (2020)
  19. Shah W, Hillman T, Playford E D, Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ 2021; 372 :n136 doi:10.1136/bmj. n136
  20. Halpin SJ et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol 93, 1013–1022 (2021). [PubMed: 32729939]
  21. Lee AM et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can. J. Psychiatry 52, 233–240 (2007). [PubMed: 17500304]
  22. Gupta A et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med 26, 1017–1032 (2020). [PubMed: 32651579]
  23. Williamson EJ et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584, 430–436 (2020). [PubMed: 32640463]
  24. Lechner-Scott J, Levy M, Hawkes C, Yeh A, Giovannoni G. Long COVID or post COVID-19 syndrome. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021 Oct;55:103268. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103268. Epub 2021 Sep 17. PMID: 34601388; PMCID:PMC8447548.
  25. Gupta A et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med 26, 1017–1032 (2020). [PubMed: 32651579])
  26. Lu R et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395, 565–574 (2020). [PubMed: 32007145]
  27. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P & Shi Z-LCharacteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 19, 141–154 (2021). [PubMed: 33024307]
  28. Shang J et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581, 221–224 (2020). [PubMed: 32225175]
  29. Wrobel AG et al. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol 27, 763–767 (2020). [PubMed: 32647346]
  30. Needham DM et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 188, 567–576 (2013). [PubMed: 23805899]
  31. Pandharipande PP et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med 369, 1306–1316 (2013). [PubMed: 24088092]
  32. Inoue S et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med. Surg 6, 233–246 (2019). [PubMed: 31304024]
  33. Kress JP & Hall JB ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med 370, 1626–1635 (2014). [PubMed: 24758618]
  34. 36 Hosey MM & Needham DM Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim 6, 60 (2020). [PubMed: 32669623]
  35. Zahariadis G et al. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays. Can. Respir. J 13, 17–22 (2006). [PubMed: 16470249]
  36. Zheng Z, Chen R & Li Y The clinical characteristics of secondary infections of lower respiratory tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Chin. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 2, 270–274 (2003).
  37. Huang C et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497–506 (2020). [PubMed: 31986264]
  38. Lescure FX et al. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. Lancet Infect. Dis 20, 697–706 (2020). [PubMed: 32224310]
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  41. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30183-5
  42. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395(10229): 1054-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
  43. Halpin DMG, Singh D, Hadfield RM. Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19: a systematic review and clinical perspective. The European Respiratory Journal 2020; 55(5): 2001009. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01009-2020
  44. Sokolowska M, Lukasik ZM, Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis D et al. Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy 2020; 75(10): 2445-2476. doi: 10.1111/all.14462
  45. Esendağli D, Yilmaz A, Akçay Ş, Özlü T. Post-COVID syndrome: pulmonary complications. Turk J Med Sci. 2021 Dec 17;51(SI-1):3359-3371. doi:10.3906/sag-2106-238. PMID: 34284532; PMCID: PMC8771021
  46. Rasa et al., 2018 Oct 1, Loebel et al., 2016 Feb 1, Rodriguez-Pintó et al., 2014 Oct
  47. Pieter Cohen, MD, Kelly Gebo, MD, MPH 14.11.2022 COVID-19: Management of adults with acute illness in the outpatient setting – UpToDate
  48. Dotan A, Shoenfeld Y. Post-COVID syndrome: the aftershock of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;114:233-235. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.020. Epub 2021 Nov 14. PMID: 34785367; PMCID: PMC8590600.
  49. Türktaş H, Oğuzülgen K. Covid-19 sonrası akciğer sekelleri: uzun dönem takip ve tedavi. Tuberkülöz ve Toraks 2020; 68(4): 419-429.]
  50. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30183-5
  51. Chaudhary S, Natt B, Bime C, Knox KS, Glassberg MK. Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 539. doi: 10.3389/ fmed.2020.00539
  52. Simpson R, Robinson L. Rehabilitation following critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 2020
  53. Falvey JR, Ferrante LE. Flattening the disability curve: Rehabilitation and recovery after COVID-19 infection. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Cardiopulmonary and Acute Care
  54. Needham DM, Sepulveda KA, Dinglas VD, et al. Core Outcome Measures for Clinical Research in Acute Respiratory Failure Survivors. An International Modified Delphi Consensus Study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2017;196(9):1122-1130.
  55. Martin R, Botkin R, Campbell A, et al. COVID-19 Core Outcome Measures, APTA Academies and Sections Consensus Statement. COVID-19 Practice Resources Web site. https://www.apta.org/your-practice/outcomesmeasurement/covid-19-core-outcome-measures. Published 2020. Updated 10/21/2020. Accessed 10/22/2020
  56. Mayer KP, Steele AK, Soper MK, Branton JD, Lusby ML, Kalema AG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Montgomery-Yates AA. Physical Therapy Management of an Individual With Post-COVID Syndrome: A Case Report. Phys Ther. 2021 Jun 1;101(6):pzab098. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab098. PMID: 33735380; PMCID: PMC7989151.
  57. Head R, Lumbers ER, Jarrott B, et al. Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic, physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID-19 and response to treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022; in press.
  58. Martin JH, Head R. Obesity and COVID-19: renin-angiotensin as a mediator of morbidity and mortality. Br J Nutr. 2021;3:1-6.
  59. Anker SD, Coats AJS. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2-3):123-130)
  60. Jarrott B, Head R, Pringle KG, Lumbers ER, Martin JH. "LONG COVID"-A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022 Feb;10(1):e00911. doi: 10.1002/prp2.911. PMID: 35029046; PMCID: PMC8929332.
  61. Chopra V, Flanders SA & O’Malley M Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Intern. Med 10.7326/M20-5661 (2020).
  62. Salman D, Vishnubala D, Le Feuvre P, Beaney T, Korgaonkar J, Majeed A et al. Returning to physical activity after covid-19 BMJ 2021; 372 :m4721 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4721
  63. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavir сша/
For citation

Shinagareeva K.R., Ashikhmin Y.I. The new coronavirus in fection, post-COVID syndrome (long COVID): epidemiolo gy, pathophysiology, therapeutic options. Health care of Kyrgyzstan scientific and practical journal 2023,  No.4, pp.58-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
Kyrgyz
Авторлор жөнүндө

Шинагареева Карина Ринатовна, Саламаттыкты сактоо министрлигинин Коомдук саламаттыкты сактоо улуттук институтуна караштуу Республикалык инфекциялык контролдоо илимий-практикалык борборунун илимий кызматкери, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Ашихмин Ярослав Игоревич, медицина илимдеринин кандидаты, кардиолог, Россиянын Саламаттыкты сактоо министрлигинин медициналык жардамдын сапатын жана экспертизасын көзөмөлдөө борборунун кызматкери, Москва, Россия Федерациясы
Шилтемелер
  1. Ramakrishnan, R.K., Kashour, T., Hamid, Q., Halwani, R., Tleyjeh, I.M., 2021. Unraveling the mystery surrounding post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Front. Immunol. 12,686029.
  2. Oronsky B, Larson C, Hammond TC, Oronsky A, Kesari S et al. A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 2021; 20: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3
  3. Zeng QL, Li GM, Ji F, Ma SH, Zhang GF et al. Clinical course and treatment efficacy of COVID-19 near Hubei Province, China: A multicentre, retrospective study. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020; 67(6): 2971-2982. doi: 10.1111/ tbed.13674)
  4. Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., 2020. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 324, 603–605.
  5. Sykes, D.L., Holdsworth, L., Jawad, N. et al. Post-COVID-19 Symptom Burden: What is Long-COVID and How Should We Manage It?. Lung 199, 113–119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00423-z
  6. Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., Murphy, FA., Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., Murphy, F.A., 2017. Chapter 39-Viral syndromes. Fenner and White’s Medical Virology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 537–556.
  7. Dotan A, Muller S, Kanduc D, David P, Halpert G, Shoenfeld Y. The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. Apr 2021;20(4).
  8. Alwan NA. A negative COVID-19 test does not mean recovery. Nature 2020 Aug 11;584(7820):170 –170.
  9. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020 Aug 11;324(6):603–5.
  10. Mahmud R, Rahman MM, Rassel MA, Monayem FB, Sayeed SKJB, Islam MS, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh. PLOS ONE 2021 Apr 8;16(4).
  11. Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 9;11(1):16144.
  12. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Nov 1;5(11):1265–73.
  13. European Respiratory Society. END-COVID – European Respiratory Network for Data-Sharing in COVID19. Date last accessed: 05 Apr 2021. ersnet.org/science-and-research/clinical-research-collaboration-applicationprogramme/end-covid-european-respiratory-network-for-data-sharing-in-covid19/].
  14. Salman D, Vishnubala D, Le Feuvre P, Beaney T, Korgaonkar J, Majeed A et al. Returning to physical activity after covid-19 BMJ 2021; 372 :m4721 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4721
  15. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):601-615. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. Epub 2021 Mar 22. PMID: 33753937; PMCID: PMC8893149.
  16. Huang C et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 397, 220–232 (2021). [PubMed: 33428867])
  17. Huang C et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 397, 220–232 (2021). [PubMed: 33428867]
  18. Arnold DT et al. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 (2020)
  19. Shah W, Hillman T, Playford E D, Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ 2021; 372 :n136 doi:10.1136/bmj. n136
  20. Halpin SJ et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol 93, 1013–1022 (2021). [PubMed: 32729939]
  21. Lee AM et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can. J. Psychiatry 52, 233–240 (2007). [PubMed: 17500304]
  22. Gupta A et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med 26, 1017–1032 (2020). [PubMed: 32651579]
  23. Williamson EJ et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584, 430–436 (2020). [PubMed: 32640463]
  24. Lechner-Scott J, Levy M, Hawkes C, Yeh A, Giovannoni G. Long COVID or post COVID-19 syndrome. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021 Oct;55:103268. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103268. Epub 2021 Sep 17. PMID: 34601388; PMCID:PMC8447548.
  25. Gupta A et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med 26, 1017–1032 (2020). [PubMed: 32651579])
  26. Lu R et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395, 565–574 (2020). [PubMed: 32007145]
  27. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P & Shi Z-LCharacteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 19, 141–154 (2021). [PubMed: 33024307]
  28. Shang J et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581, 221–224 (2020). [PubMed: 32225175]
  29. Wrobel AG et al. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol 27, 763–767 (2020). [PubMed: 32647346]
  30. Needham DM et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 188, 567–576 (2013). [PubMed: 23805899]
  31. Pandharipande PP et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med 369, 1306–1316 (2013). [PubMed: 24088092]
  32. Inoue S et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med. Surg 6, 233–246 (2019). [PubMed: 31304024]
  33. Kress JP & Hall JB ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med 370, 1626–1635 (2014). [PubMed: 24758618]
  34. 36 Hosey MM & Needham DM Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim 6, 60 (2020). [PubMed: 32669623]
  35. Zahariadis G et al. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays. Can. Respir. J 13, 17–22 (2006). [PubMed: 16470249]
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Цитата үчүн

Шинагареева К.Р., Ашихмин Я.И. Жаңы коронавирустук инфекция, кайры келген синдром (узун COVID): эпидемиология, патофизиология, терапия мүмкүндүктөрү. Кыргызстандын саламаттык сактоо илимий-практикалык журналы 2023, № 4, б. 58-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2023.4.12.6.58.67
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