№3 (2023)

The Russian Federation has been working consistently to assist partner countries in building scientific capacity and expanding co-operation in the study of infectious diseases. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, Rospotrebnadzor developed a multi-stage programme of seromonitoring of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2, which was implemented in the Russian Federation, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Tajikistan. Different age and professional groups of the countries were included in the studies. IgG antibody levels to two major SARS CoV2 antigens: nucleocapsid (Nc) and receptor-binding domain S-protein (RBD) were assessed in volunteers because of their maximal presence during the infection or postvaccination processes. In general, in those countries where the study began in 2020-2021, there was a steady trend towards increasing levels of population immunity (the proportion of seropositive individuals) during the pandemic. In those countries that joined the study later in the pandemic in 2022, a significant proportion of the population had already experienced COVID-19 in manifest or asymptomatic form, so there were no statistically significant age, occupational orgeographic differences in seroprevalence due to both the intensive "pro-epidemic" and the vaccination campaign that began in mid-2021. In the first half of 2021, vaccination against coronavirus (both primary and booster), which was actively carried out in all countries, became the main reasons for the increase in the level of population immunity. At the same time, there was a shift in the structure of seropositivity towards an increase in the proportion of individuals who had antibodies only to RBD. At the late dates of the pandemic in 2022-2023, almost 90% of seropositive volunteers had humoral immunity represented by antibodies to both antigens (Nc+RBD). It is evident that population immunity is "hybrid" in the latepandemic, under conditions of high incidence of a highly transmissible strain and high vaccination coverage.

Introduction. This paper presents the results of studies that show the influence of leukocytes on the state of the hemostatic system during short-term adaptation of experimental animals to high-altitude conditions. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of leukocytes on the coagulation activity of animal blood on the 3rd day of adaptation. Materials and methods. Studies of the state of the hemostasis system were carried out by studying standard hemostasiogram indicators. Quantitative determination of hemostasis indicators was performed using a hardware method on an automatic coagulometer AK-37 (Astra Lab, Russia). Results and discussions. Our results indicate that when studying ordinary plasma during short-term adaptation to high altitude in the hemostasis system, all signs of hypercoagulemia develop, which are confirmed by literature data. In experimental rats in the blood of leukocytes depleted in comparison with the blood of rats not depleted of leukocytes, prolongation of coagulation was noted blood.Conclusion. Our data are consistent with the results of other studies, the results of which indicate that leukocytes in high altitude conditions have a stimulating effect on hemocoagulation, increase platelet aggregation, and this effect is associated with their thromboplastic effect.

Objective. To study the state of oxygen consumption processes in the tissues of the male reproductive system of intact rats. Methods. The parameters of oxygen uptake were studied by polarographic method using Clark electrode in Hanks medium at t 25 °C in the testes of intact rats on endogenous, exogenous substrates and in the presence of 2,4-DNF. Results. The oxygen consumption index on endogenous substrates (Vend) was 3.71±0.09 nmol O2/min mg of protein, and in the presence of exogenous succinate substrates (Vsuc) it increased by 103% and (Vglu indicator) - by 53% when using glutamate, and it was also shown that the testes are resistant to sodium amytal inhibitors and sodium malonate. Conclusion. Testicular tissue preparations have a high level of oxygen consumption, both on endogenous substrates (Vend) and in the presence of exogenous oxidation substrates – succinate (Vsuc) and glutamate, which is of great importance for maintaining testicular function, sperm motility and male fertility.

Introduction. The problem of radiation exposure to the morphology of the testes is relevant. Aim. Study of morphological changes in rat testicles after general external gamma irradiation. Material and methods. We prepared histological sections of rat testicles subjected to general single gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 5 and 1,0 Gy, stained with hematoxylin-eosin paint. The number of transversely cut convoluted seminal tubules in the field of view was calculated. According to the state of the spermatogenic epithelium, the convoluted seminal tubules were divided into five types. Results. It was found that after 90 days from the moment of irradiation, the number of convoluted tubules of type I decreased, respectively, in preparations of subgroups 0,5 and 1,0 Gy to (-50,3% and -66,9%) p<0.05 relative to the control. The number of convoluted tubules of type II and III increased by 75% and 140% p<0,05, 363% and 652% p<0,05, respectively, for doses of 0,5 and 1,0 Gy compared with the control. Also in 2 experimental groups there were tubules of type V, the number of which was more than 2%. Conclusions. By three months after the total single gamma radiation at doses of 0, 5 and 1, 0 Gy, pathomorphological changes in the structures of the testes occur, more pronounced in the destruction of the spermatogenic epithelium of the tubules. This will inevitably lead to cell deformation, disruption of their functions and, consequently, disruption of the function of the male reproductive system.

Introduction. Despite the seeming theoretical completeness of the problem of studying traumatic brain injury, there are a number of issues that are controversial or insufficiently covered. There is no clear differentiation of reactive aseptic meningitis and bacterial purulent meningitis in its early stages. Objective. Improving the results of treatment of patients with traumatic brain injury by developing tactics, substantiating the pathogenetic orientation of prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory complications in the postoperative period. Material and methods. An analysis of management results of 127 patients (men - 109, women - 18) with traumatic brain injury and infectious and inflammatory complications was presented. Results. For the first time, infectious and inflammatory complications of traumatic brain injury in the postoperative period were identified as an independent object of study. The characteristic and comprehensive assessment of infectious and inflammatory complications after neurosurgical interventions in traumatic brain injury is given. Based on a comprehensive study, the main patterns of the development of infectious and inflammatory complications in the postoperative period have been studied. The role of the nature of surgical intervention and surgical method in their development is shown, the structural prerequisites for the development of complications are indicated. New methods of studying infectious and inflammatory complications using modern technologies are proposed. Conclusions. The most common infection in the area of surgical intervention was osteomyelitis of the bone flap. The most frequent causative agent of infection was coagulase-negative staphylococci (34.8%), followed by Propionebacterium species (26.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (21.7%).

Introduction. Due to the fact that the anterior visual pathway is in close proximity to the pituitary gland, neuro-ophthalmological symptoms are important in the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. Objective. Improving the results of treatment of patients with pituitary adenoma by detecting neuro-ophthalmological symptoms in patients with pituitary adenoma before surgery and in the postoperative period, depending on surgical access (transcranial or endoscopic transsphenoidal). Material and methods. 170 patients with pituitary adenomas. There are 72 (42.4%) males among examined and 98 (57.6%) females. Age of patients ranged from 14 to 74 years. Technical aspects, advantages and limitations, outcome and dynamics in transcranial surgery and endoscopic transsphenoidal treatment of patients with pituitary adenomas were studied. Results. For the first time, a statistically significant dependence of neuro-ophthalmological symptoms in patients with pituitary adenoma on localization, predominant growth, and the size of the volume formation was revealed on significant clinical material. For the first time, the dynamics of neuro-ophthalmological symptoms after removal of endosuprasellar pituitary adenoma by various surgical approaches in identical groups of patients was compared. The dependence of the dynamics of visual functions after surgical removal of the tumor on the nature and severity of visual disorders before surgery, as well as on the stage of visual disorders, is analyzed. The factors causing deterioration of visual functions in the early and long-term postoperative period were determined. Conclusions. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery gives favorable results both in the removal of the tumor and in the control of secreting tumors compared with transcranial surgery.

Introduction. The article presents an epidemiological analysis, the structure of morbidity and epizootic assessment of brucellosis in residents of the urban population of the Jalal-Abad region for 2020-2022 in order to improve further control of brucellosis. The purpose of the work- to conduct an epidemiological analysis of the features of the incidence of brucellosis of the urban population in the region. Materials and methods. Based on data from the Regional Center for Morbidity Prevention and Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, monthly and annual reporting form No. 1, forms "On infectious and parasitic diseases", district and city central state sanitary and epidemiological supervision submitted to the regional central department of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision. Results and discussions. Over the past three years, there has been a trend of an increase in the incidence in the districts of the region, especially in the highlands, and a decrease in the urban population. There was also an increase in brucellosis among children under 14 years of age, from 1.4 to 3.2 times. In the structure of the incidence of brucellosis, acute brucellosis is in the first place - 92.4%, chronic 5.2% is in second place and subacute is 2.3%. The diagnosis of brucellosis was made clinically and laboratory in 5.3%, using the bacteriological method in 68.7%, and clinical and epidemiological in 31.2%. Conclusion. Thus, the incidence of brucellosis of the population living in the cities of the Jalal-Abad region has decreased from 32.0 to 17.4 per 100 thousand over the past three years. At the same time, there was a tendency to increase the incidence in the districts of the region (from 18.7 -24.2 per 100 thousand population).

Introduction. Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in oncogynecology and continues to occupy the first place among the causes of female mortality from malignant neoplasms. The aim of the study - The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the completeness and significance of recent studies on cervical cancer for public health and scientific achievements, with the identification of areas that require further detailed study. Materials and methods. The review and data of modern literature on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cervical cancer are presented, with a summary of the key points of medical monitoring of patients with this disease. Results. The recommendations of researchers in recent years are presented, which can help oncogynecologists develop individual management tactics for each specific patient with cervical cancer and improve the quality of life of patients. Conclusions. Planning diagnostic and therapeutic measures in patients with background and precancerous diseases of the cervix continues to be an urgent task, the solution of which will increase the effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention.

The results of the innovative pilot project for kit development for hepatitis E serum-diagnostic assays of the Interstate Program for Innovative Cooperation of the CIS member states for the period up to 2020 are presented. The project was carried out by I.I. Mechnikov Federal State Medical Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera in association with the National Institute of Public Health of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic and Belarusian medical and veterinary research institutions. As a result of research recombinant antigens of the prevalent in the CIS countries HEV genotypes 1 and 3 were developed, and a set of diagnostic assays was made, namely: test for quantification of IgG antibodies to HEV, test for determination the avidity of IgG antibodies to HEV, test for measuring the total antibodies to HEV, test for detection IgM antibodies to HEV, test for detection HEV antigen, confirmation test for detection antibodies to HEV by linear immune assay, immune-chromatographic rapid test for detection the antibodies to HEV and a high-precision test for detection HEV RNA in sera and plasma by PCR. The results of serum epidemiological and molecular epidemiological studies performed in the regions of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus indicated a consistent increase proportion of hepatitis E in the structure of acute hepatitis cases in these countries with the avoidance of a large number of the cases from diagnosis and registration.