2024

Introduction. This is an article reviewing domestic and foreign literature on the pathogenesis and clinical picture of dislocation syndrome in neurosurgical pathologies of the brain, depending on the etiology, type and stage of dislocation. Purpose of the study: to improve the results of treatment of patients with brain dislocation syndrome in neurosurgical pathologies. Materials and methods of research. All modern scientific and literary data from patients with brain dislocation syndrome in various neurosurgical pathologies were analyzed and processed. Results and discussions. Of great scientific and clinical interest for neurologists and neurosurgeons are the influence of nosological forms of focal brain lesions on the course and outcomes of dislocation syndromes (DS) and the choice of optimal treatment tactics. Most of the significant scientific studies devoted to the problems of DS are associated with acute cerebral dislocation against the background of severe traumatic brain injury. At the
same time, at least six groups of focal brain lesions are known that can cause
one or another form of brainstem herniation. These include: a large group
of brain tumors of varying histological structure, spontaneous intracranial
hemorrhages, traumatic brain lesions, including meningeal and intracerebral
hematomas in combination with massive areas of brain contusions, giant
arachnoid and parasitic cysts, as well as brain abscesses of various origins.
Conclusions. Thus, summing up the review of domestic and foreign literature on pathogenesis, the clinic of dislocation syndrome in neurosurgical pathologies of the brain, depending on the etiology, type and stage of dislocation. Allows us to judge that there is no consensus on the choice of treatment method for severe patients with dislocation syndrome in neurosurgical pathologies - today it remains controversial and completely unresolved and is far from being completed. In this regard, the development of clear algorithms for surgical tactics depending on the neurosurgical pathology and the degree of dislocation, aimed at improving the results of patient treatment, remains relevant.

Introduction. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. According to WHO statistics, approximately 2.21 million new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed annually (14% of all cancers), leadingto 1.79 million deaths (15.7% of total cancer mortality). The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has significantly complicated the provision of care for patients with lung malignancies. Due to the disease itself and ongoing treatments, these patients often have compromised immunity, increasing their susceptibility to COVID-19 and the risk of severe complications. This review presents data from global scientific literature on the
origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 andits variants. It also discusses risk factors exacerbating disease severity, the impact of comorbidities, and the influence of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostics. Therefore, the medical community must be prepared for future variants and outbreaks of coronavirus infections. Objective. To investigate the impact of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, on the diagnosis, clinical progression, and prognosis of lungmalignancies. Materials and Methods. Data from global scientific literature on the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, were extensively analyzed. Discussion. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and conducted studies, the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients, particularly those with lung cancer. Key challenges include the differentiation between coronavirus pneumonia and lung
cancer, as well as the high risk of severe disease progression in immunocompromised patients. Additional restrictive measures, such as transitioning to telemedicine, postponement of surgeries, and screening procedures, have further exacerbated the situation. Conclusion. According to international studies and research, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the treatment and prognosis of lung cancer patients. The medical community must take lessons from this experience to respond effectively to future pandemics. Special attention should be given to developing strategies for diagnosing and treating cancer patients during outbreaks of new infections.

More than 220 years have passed since the first description of Henoch-
Schönlein purpura (HS-H). The disease belongs to the group of systemic
vasculitis, where it occupies one of the leading places in terms of frequency
of occurrence. Currently, the immunocomplex nature of HS-H has been
proven, in which “aseptic inflammation” develops in microvessels with destruction
of microvascular walls with thrombosis and the appearance of purpura
of various localizations due to the damaging effect of circulating
immune complexes (CIC) and activated components of the complement system
(C). The cause of the disease is not fully understood; among the provoking
factors of development, hyperhomocysteinemia deserves special
attention in recent years. The purpose of the study was to conduct a literature
review on Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HS-H) and hyperhomocysteinemia.
The main causes of homocysteine metabolism disorders are indicated, including
genetic abnormalities in the development of hyperhomocysteinemia.
A classification of hyperhomocysteinemia is presented depending on the
level of homocysteine in the blood serum. This review article suggests that
hyperhomocysteinemia has a triggering role in the mechanism of development
of PS-H.

Introduction. One of the most common forms among facial nerve neuropathies
is Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial neuropathy). The pathological process has an acute onset, more often the symptoms of the lesion develop on
one side with a tendency of progression within 48-72 hours. Data on risk
factors, pathogenetic mechanism of Bell's palsy development, drug therapy
and methods of surgical treatment are presented. Basic therapy with a short
course of valacyclovir or acyclovir and a stepwise reduction in the optimal
dose of prednisolone, initiated within three days of symptom onset, increases
the chances of complete recovery.
Purpose of this review. Аims to provide comprehensive information on Bell's
palsy, focusing on anatomy, aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis, clinical
implications and preferred approaches to therapy.
Materials and methods. The materials of the Web of Science Core Collection
database (Science Citation Index Explanded and Social Sciences Citation
Index) were used in this work, as they cover the most important sources in
sufficient quantity to obtain objective information. A comprehensive search
of the databases was conducted, limited to 2002-2021 and including only
original articles and reviews.Results and Conclusions. Having analysed the literature data for 20 years,
it was concluded that the majority of authors adhere to the pathogenesis of
Bell's palsy development associated with compression of the facial nerve in
the phalopian canal as a result of inflammatory oedema. The diagnosis of
idiopathic facial neuropathy is made by exclusion and requires careful history
taking and a thorough clinical examination. If provided by history or
risk factors, the patient should be investigated for Lyme disease, diabetes
mellitus and other conditions. Incomplete eyelid closure followed by dry
eye, dysphagia and slurred speech are common short-term complications.
Contractures and weakness of mimic muscles and hemispasm are not uncommon
long-term complications. Although most patients recover spontaneously,
treatment with a short course of valacyclovir or acyclovir and a
stepwise reduction in the optimal dose of prednisolone, started within three
days of symptom onset, is thought to increase the chances of complete recovery.

Introduction. Acute vertebrobasilar insufficiency (IBD) is a condition characterized
by impaired blood supply to the brain due to compression or obstruction
of the vessels of the vertebrobasilar system.
The purpose of the study: To conduct a bibliographic search and an assessment
of the elaboration of the topic of VDNH, in order to expand their research.
Materials and methods. A review of modern literature has been conducted
for the period from 2019-2024. Publications by foreign authors, as well as
from neighboring countries of Kyrgyzstan, were available for study.
Results. Modern research, clinical aspects, including concepts of prevalence,
etiopathogenesis, topographic anatomical features, and diagnostic tools are
presented.
Conclusions. The implementation of diagnostic measures for vertebrobasilar
arterial insufficiency continues to be an urgent task, the solution of which
will increase the effectiveness of the prevention of IBD.

The article presents data on the distribution of Brucella species among humans and farm animals circulating in the Kyrgyz Republic. According to the results of molecular genetic analyses performed by different authors, Brucella cultures isolated from humans were attributed only to B. melitensis species, while isolates from farm animals indicated circulation of both Brucella species. Out of the 443 strains obtained from small ruminants, 427 (96.3%) were identified as B. melitensis, and 16 (3.6%) strains were assigned to B. abortus. Upon typing of 30 Brucella strains from cattle, 11 (37%) were attributed to B. abortus, and 19 samples (63%) were attributed to B. melitensis. Additionally, data on the migration of B. melitensis to cattle and B. abortus to small ruminants are presented. And according to the results of the conducted full genome sequences isolated from humans were identified as B. melitensis and confirmed the identity of strains of the causative agent of brucellosis, with strains circulating in the Eastern Mediterranean countries with the greatest similarity to strains from Turkmenistan, Iran and Turkey.