Health care of Kyrgyzstan
Zdravoohraneniye Kyrgyzstana

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Modern Approaches to Medical Waste Management: International Experience, Challenges, and Prospects

https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130
Modern Approaches to Medical Waste Management: International Experience, Challenges, and Prospects
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Abstract About the authors References

Abstract

Introduction. Medical waste (MW) is an integral byproduct of healthcare systems. With the increasing volume of MW caused by the introduction of new medical technologies and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, its safe and effective management has gained strategic importance for public health, environmental safety, and sustainable development. Objective. To conduct a systematic analysis of classification, treatment, and disposal approaches for MW, focusing on the applicability of technologies in the context of the Kyrgyz Republic, and to identify key barriers and development prospects. Materials and Methods. An analytical review of scientific and regulatory literature was conducted, including WHO guidelines, EU directives, the provisions of the Basel Convention, and national standards of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation. Five treatment technologies were evaluated based on four criteria: disinfection efficiency, environmental safety, cost-effectiveness, and applicability under resource-limited conditions. Up to 15% of MW is classified as hazardous. The most widely used technologies include autoclaving, incineration, microwave disinfection, pyrolysis, and mechanical-biological methods. In Kyrgyzstan, the key limitations identified were: only 23% of healthcare facilities are equipped with certified treatment units, fewer than half of personnel are trained, and infrastructure and interagency coordination are underdeveloped. Conclusion. The development of a MW management system requires the implementation of digital solutions (blockchain, RFID), biodegradable packaging, mobile treatment units, recycling programs, and the establishment of a national monitoring center. The presented materials can serve as a basis for developing strategic documents, educational programs, and project initiatives in the field of MW management.

About the authors

Урбаева Жибек Турусбековна, врач эпидемиолог, руководитель Национального центра по контролю инфекций и управлению медицинскими отходами Национального института Общественного здоровья МЗ, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика


Urbayeva Zhibek Turusbekovna, Physician-Epidemiologist National Center for Infection Control and Medical Waste Management National Institute of Public Health Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

Урбаева Жибек Турусбековна, Инфекцияны көзөмөлдөө жана медициналык калдыктарды башкаруу улуттук борборунун врач-эпидемиологу, Саламаттыкты сактоо министрлигинин Улуттук институту, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы

References

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CDC, 2003.
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контроля в организациях здравоохранения города Бишкек и Чуйской области // Здравоохранение Кыргызстана. – 2024 – №1. – С. 47–53. – DOI: 10.51350/zdravkg2024.1.3.6.47.53.
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Nairobi: UNEP, 2012.
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14. Европейская комиссия. Наилучшие доступные технологии обращения с отходами. Брюссель: EC, 2018.
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20. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I. Medical waste management in Cyprus. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.
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21. Jameton A, Pierce J. Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities. CMAJ. 2001;164(3):365-369.
22. Al-Farsi A.M., Al-Farsi Y.M., et al. Barriers to effective healthcare waste management: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
// Journal of Infection and Public Health. — 2024. — Vol. 17, No. 2. — P. 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.015
23. Sharma A., Patel R. Waste 4.0: Transforming medical waste management through digitalization and automated segregation //
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. — 2024. — Vol. 21, No. 1. — P. 217–229. DOI:
10.1007/s13762-023-04867-y
24. Zhang X., Lee C.Y., Ramachandran S. AI-based optimization of healthcare waste logistics: Current status and future directions
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2205.01042. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01042
25. Nguyen M.H., Tran L.H. Development of eco-friendly packaging for healthcare waste: Challenges and sustainability opportu
nities // Environments. — 2022. — Vol. 9, No. 11. — P. 146. DOI: 10.3390/environments9110146
26. Wang J., Sun P. Circular economy approaches in medical waste recycling: From autoclaved plastic to secondary raw materials
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2303.04720. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04720

1. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. 2-е изд. Женева: ВОЗ,
2014. 308 с.
2. Программа ООН по окружающей среде. Руководство по идентификации и количественной оценке выбросов диоксинов
и фуранов. Найроби: UNEP, 2013.
3. Базельская конвенция. Технические руководства по медицинским отходам. Женева: Секретариат БК, 2003.
4. Министерство здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики. Приказ №1016 от 23.08.2023 г.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Atlanta:
CDC, 2003.
6. United Nations Development Programme. Assessment of medical waste treatment technologies. New York: UNDP, 2017.
7. Абдиразаков Н.А., Эсеналиева А.Д., Аманбеков Э.Б. Мониторинг и оценка профилактики инфекций и инфекционного
контроля в организациях здравоохранения города Бишкек и Чуйской области // Здравоохранение Кыргызстана. – 2024 – №1. – С. 47–53. – DOI: 10.51350/zdravkg2024.1.3.6.47.53.
8. International POPs Elimination Network. Toxic pollutants from medical waste incineration. Berkeley: IPEN, 2020.
9. Healthcare Without Harm. Green Hospital Toolkit. Reston: HCWH, 2012.
10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Microwave disinfection technologies. Washington: EPA, 2020.
11. United Nations Environment Programme. Compendium of Technologies for Treatment/Destruction of Healthcare Waste.
Nairobi: UNEP, 2012.
12. PATH. Emerging health waste treatment options. Seattle: PATH, 2021.
13. UNIDO. Руководство по обучению по альтернативным технологиям обработки отходов. Вена: ЮНИДО, 2016.
14. Европейская комиссия. Наилучшие доступные технологии обращения с отходами. Брюссель: EC, 2018.
15. WHO. Alternative treatment technologies. Geneva: WHO, 2015.
16. ICRC. Manual for Medical Waste Management. Geneva: ICRC, 2011.
17. Ministry of Health Rwanda. National policy on health care waste management. Kigali: MoH Rwanda, 2018.
18. BMU Germany. Waste Management in Germany 2021. Berlin: BMU, 2021.
19. Singh J, Hazra A, Lockhart K. Biomedical waste management in India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2020;14(2):1-4.
20. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I. Medical waste management in Cyprus. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.
2022;25:100590.
21. Jameton A, Pierce J. Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities. CMAJ. 2001;164(3):365-369.
22. Al-Farsi A.M., Al-Farsi Y.M., et al. Barriers to effective healthcare waste management: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
// Journal of Infection and Public Health. — 2024. — Vol. 17, No. 2. — P. 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.015
23. Sharma A., Patel R. Waste 4.0: Transforming medical waste management through digitalization and automated segregation //
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. — 2024. — Vol. 21, No. 1. — P. 217–229. DOI:
10.1007/s13762-023-04867-y
24. Zhang X., Lee C.Y., Ramachandran S. AI-based optimization of healthcare waste logistics: Current status and future directions
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2205.01042. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01042
25. Nguyen M.H., Tran L.H. Development of eco-friendly packaging for healthcare waste: Challenges and sustainability opportu
nities // Environments. — 2022. — Vol. 9, No. 11. — P. 146. DOI: 10.3390/environments9110146
26. Wang J., Sun P. Circular economy approaches in medical waste recycling: From autoclaved plastic to secondary raw materials
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2303.04720. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04720

1. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. 2-е изд. Женева: ВОЗ,
2014. 308 с.
2. Программа ООН по окружающей среде. Руководство по идентификации и количественной оценке выбросов диоксинов
и фуранов. Найроби: UNEP, 2013.
3. Базельская конвенция. Технические руководства по медицинским отходам. Женева: Секретариат БК, 2003.
4. Министерство здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики. Приказ №1016 от 23.08.2023 г.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Atlanta:
CDC, 2003.
6. United Nations Development Programme. Assessment of medical waste treatment technologies. New York: UNDP, 2017.
7. Абдиразаков Н.А., Эсеналиева А.Д., Аманбеков Э.Б. Мониторинг и оценка профилактики инфекций и инфекционного
контроля в организациях здравоохранения города Бишкек и Чуйской области // Здравоохранение Кыргызстана. – 2024 – №1. – С. 47–53. – DOI: 10.51350/zdravkg2024.1.3.6.47.53.
8. International POPs Elimination Network. Toxic pollutants from medical waste incineration. Berkeley: IPEN, 2020.
9. Healthcare Without Harm. Green Hospital Toolkit. Reston: HCWH, 2012.
10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Microwave disinfection technologies. Washington: EPA, 2020.
11. United Nations Environment Programme. Compendium of Technologies for Treatment/Destruction of Healthcare Waste.
Nairobi: UNEP, 2012.
12. PATH. Emerging health waste treatment options. Seattle: PATH, 2021.
13. UNIDO. Руководство по обучению по альтернативным технологиям обработки отходов. Вена: ЮНИДО, 2016.
14. Европейская комиссия. Наилучшие доступные технологии обращения с отходами. Брюссель: EC, 2018.
15. WHO. Alternative treatment technologies. Geneva: WHO, 2015.
16. ICRC. Manual for Medical Waste Management. Geneva: ICRC, 2011.
17. Ministry of Health Rwanda. National policy on health care waste management. Kigali: MoH Rwanda, 2018.
18. BMU Germany. Waste Management in Germany 2021. Berlin: BMU, 2021.
19. Singh J, Hazra A, Lockhart K. Biomedical waste management in India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2020;14(2):1-4.
20. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I. Medical waste management in Cyprus. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.
2022;25:100590.
21. Jameton A, Pierce J. Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities. CMAJ. 2001;164(3):365-369.
22. Al-Farsi A.M., Al-Farsi Y.M., et al. Barriers to effective healthcare waste management: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
// Journal of Infection and Public Health. — 2024. — Vol. 17, No. 2. — P. 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.015
23. Sharma A., Patel R. Waste 4.0: Transforming medical waste management through digitalization and automated segregation //
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. — 2024. — Vol. 21, No. 1. — P. 217–229. DOI:
10.1007/s13762-023-04867-y
24. Zhang X., Lee C.Y., Ramachandran S. AI-based optimization of healthcare waste logistics: Current status and future directions
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2205.01042. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01042
25. Nguyen M.H., Tran L.H. Development of eco-friendly packaging for healthcare waste: Challenges and sustainability opportu
nities // Environments. — 2022. — Vol. 9, No. 11. — P. 146. DOI: 10.3390/environments9110146
26. Wang J., Sun P. Circular economy approaches in medical waste recycling: From autoclaved plastic to secondary raw materials
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2303.04720. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04720

Keywords
Infection control , Medical waste , Sustainable development , Technologies , Waste management
Для цитирования

Урбаева Ж.Т. Современные подходы к управлению медицинскими отходами: международный опыт, вызовы и перспективы. Научно-практический журнал «Здравоохранение Кыргызстана» 2025, № 2, с. 123-130.  https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130
For citation

Urbayeva Zh. T. Modern Approaches to Medical Waste Management: International Experience, Challenges, and Prospects.Scientific practical journal “Health care of Kyrgyzstan” 2025, No.2, p. 123-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130
Цитата үчүн

Урбаева Ж.Т. Медициналык калдыктарды башкаруунун заманбап ыкмалары: эл аралык тажрыйба, көйгөйлөр жана өнүгүү перспективалары. Кыргызстандын саламаттык сактоо илимий-практикалык журналы 2025, № 2, б. 123-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130  
Authors Urbayeva Zh. T.
Link doi.org https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130
Pages 123-130
Keywords Infection control , Medical waste, Sustainable development , Technologies , Waste management
Russian
Об авторах

Урбаева Жибек Турусбековна, врач эпидемиолог, руководитель Национального центра по контролю инфекций и управлению медицинскими отходами Национального института Общественного здоровья МЗ, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Полный текст

PDF (RUS)
Список литературы

1. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. 2-е изд. Женева: ВОЗ,
2014. 308 с.
2. Программа ООН по окружающей среде. Руководство по идентификации и количественной оценке выбросов диоксинов
и фуранов. Найроби: UNEP, 2013.
3. Базельская конвенция. Технические руководства по медицинским отходам. Женева: Секретариат БК, 2003.
4. Министерство здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики. Приказ №1016 от 23.08.2023 г.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Atlanta:
CDC, 2003.
6. United Nations Development Programme. Assessment of medical waste treatment technologies. New York: UNDP, 2017.
7. Абдиразаков Н.А., Эсеналиева А.Д., Аманбеков Э.Б. Мониторинг и оценка профилактики инфекций и инфекционного
контроля в организациях здравоохранения города Бишкек и Чуйской области // Здравоохранение Кыргызстана. – 2024 – №1. – С. 47–53. – DOI: 10.51350/zdravkg2024.1.3.6.47.53.
8. International POPs Elimination Network. Toxic pollutants from medical waste incineration. Berkeley: IPEN, 2020.
9. Healthcare Without Harm. Green Hospital Toolkit. Reston: HCWH, 2012.
10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Microwave disinfection technologies. Washington: EPA, 2020.
11. United Nations Environment Programme. Compendium of Technologies for Treatment/Destruction of Healthcare Waste.
Nairobi: UNEP, 2012.
12. PATH. Emerging health waste treatment options. Seattle: PATH, 2021.
13. UNIDO. Руководство по обучению по альтернативным технологиям обработки отходов. Вена: ЮНИДО, 2016.
14. Европейская комиссия. Наилучшие доступные технологии обращения с отходами. Брюссель: EC, 2018.
15. WHO. Alternative treatment technologies. Geneva: WHO, 2015.
16. ICRC. Manual for Medical Waste Management. Geneva: ICRC, 2011.
17. Ministry of Health Rwanda. National policy on health care waste management. Kigali: MoH Rwanda, 2018.
18. BMU Germany. Waste Management in Germany 2021. Berlin: BMU, 2021.
19. Singh J, Hazra A, Lockhart K. Biomedical waste management in India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2020;14(2):1-4.
20. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I. Medical waste management in Cyprus. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.
2022;25:100590.
21. Jameton A, Pierce J. Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities. CMAJ. 2001;164(3):365-369.
22. Al-Farsi A.M., Al-Farsi Y.M., et al. Barriers to effective healthcare waste management: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
// Journal of Infection and Public Health. — 2024. — Vol. 17, No. 2. — P. 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.015
23. Sharma A., Patel R. Waste 4.0: Transforming medical waste management through digitalization and automated segregation //
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. — 2024. — Vol. 21, No. 1. — P. 217–229. DOI:
10.1007/s13762-023-04867-y
24. Zhang X., Lee C.Y., Ramachandran S. AI-based optimization of healthcare waste logistics: Current status and future directions
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2205.01042. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01042
25. Nguyen M.H., Tran L.H. Development of eco-friendly packaging for healthcare waste: Challenges and sustainability opportu
nities // Environments. — 2022. — Vol. 9, No. 11. — P. 146. DOI: 10.3390/environments9110146
26. Wang J., Sun P. Circular economy approaches in medical waste recycling: From autoclaved plastic to secondary raw materials
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2303.04720. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04720
Для цитирования

Урбаева Ж.Т. Современные подходы к управлению медицинскими отходами: международный опыт, вызовы и перспективы. Научно-практический журнал «Здравоохранение Кыргызстана» 2025, № 2, с. 123-130.  https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130
English
About authors

Urbayeva Zhibek Turusbekovna, Physician-Epidemiologist National Center for Infection Control and Medical Waste Management National Institute of Public Health Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
Full text

PDF (RUS)
References

1. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. 2-е изд. Женева: ВОЗ,
2014. 308 с.
2. Программа ООН по окружающей среде. Руководство по идентификации и количественной оценке выбросов диоксинов
и фуранов. Найроби: UNEP, 2013.
3. Базельская конвенция. Технические руководства по медицинским отходам. Женева: Секретариат БК, 2003.
4. Министерство здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики. Приказ №1016 от 23.08.2023 г.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Atlanta:
CDC, 2003.
6. United Nations Development Programme. Assessment of medical waste treatment technologies. New York: UNDP, 2017.
7. Абдиразаков Н.А., Эсеналиева А.Д., Аманбеков Э.Б. Мониторинг и оценка профилактики инфекций и инфекционного
контроля в организациях здравоохранения города Бишкек и Чуйской области // Здравоохранение Кыргызстана. – 2024 – №1. – С. 47–53. – DOI: 10.51350/zdravkg2024.1.3.6.47.53.
8. International POPs Elimination Network. Toxic pollutants from medical waste incineration. Berkeley: IPEN, 2020.
9. Healthcare Without Harm. Green Hospital Toolkit. Reston: HCWH, 2012.
10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Microwave disinfection technologies. Washington: EPA, 2020.
11. United Nations Environment Programme. Compendium of Technologies for Treatment/Destruction of Healthcare Waste.
Nairobi: UNEP, 2012.
12. PATH. Emerging health waste treatment options. Seattle: PATH, 2021.
13. UNIDO. Руководство по обучению по альтернативным технологиям обработки отходов. Вена: ЮНИДО, 2016.
14. Европейская комиссия. Наилучшие доступные технологии обращения с отходами. Брюссель: EC, 2018.
15. WHO. Alternative treatment technologies. Geneva: WHO, 2015.
16. ICRC. Manual for Medical Waste Management. Geneva: ICRC, 2011.
17. Ministry of Health Rwanda. National policy on health care waste management. Kigali: MoH Rwanda, 2018.
18. BMU Germany. Waste Management in Germany 2021. Berlin: BMU, 2021.
19. Singh J, Hazra A, Lockhart K. Biomedical waste management in India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2020;14(2):1-4.
20. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I. Medical waste management in Cyprus. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.
2022;25:100590.
21. Jameton A, Pierce J. Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities. CMAJ. 2001;164(3):365-369.
22. Al-Farsi A.M., Al-Farsi Y.M., et al. Barriers to effective healthcare waste management: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
// Journal of Infection and Public Health. — 2024. — Vol. 17, No. 2. — P. 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.015
23. Sharma A., Patel R. Waste 4.0: Transforming medical waste management through digitalization and automated segregation //
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. — 2024. — Vol. 21, No. 1. — P. 217–229. DOI:
10.1007/s13762-023-04867-y
24. Zhang X., Lee C.Y., Ramachandran S. AI-based optimization of healthcare waste logistics: Current status and future directions
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2205.01042. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01042
25. Nguyen M.H., Tran L.H. Development of eco-friendly packaging for healthcare waste: Challenges and sustainability opportu
nities // Environments. — 2022. — Vol. 9, No. 11. — P. 146. DOI: 10.3390/environments9110146
26. Wang J., Sun P. Circular economy approaches in medical waste recycling: From autoclaved plastic to secondary raw materials
// arXiv preprint. — 2023. — arXiv:2303.04720. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04720
For citation

Urbayeva Zh. T. Modern Approaches to Medical Waste Management: International Experience, Challenges, and Prospects.Scientific practical journal “Health care of Kyrgyzstan” 2025, No.2, p. 123-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130
Kyrgyz
Авторлор жөнүндө

Урбаева Жибек Турусбековна, Инфекцияны көзөмөлдөө жана медициналык калдыктарды башкаруу улуттук борборунун врач-эпидемиологу, Саламаттыкты сактоо министрлигинин Улуттук институту, Бишкек, Кыргыз Республикасы
Шилтемелер

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Цитата үчүн

Урбаева Ж.Т. Медициналык калдыктарды башкаруунун заманбап ыкмалары: эл аралык тажрыйба, көйгөйлөр жана өнүгүү перспективалары. Кыргызстандын саламаттык сактоо илимий-практикалык журналы 2025, № 2, б. 123-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.51350/zdravkg2025.2.6.13.123.130  
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